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AUBF > 6.2 RENAL DISEASES - TUBULAR > Flashcards

6.2 RENAL DISEASES - TUBULAR Flashcards

1
Q

What disorders are classified under acute tubular necrosis (ATN)?

A

Ischemic ATN and Nephrotoxic ATN

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2
Q

What disorder involves tubular damage caused by reduced blood flow and oxygenation?

A

Ischemic ATN

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3
Q

What disorder involves tubular damage due to exposure to toxic substances?

A

Nephrotoxic ATN

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4
Q

What disorders are classified under hereditary and metabolic tubular disorders?

A

Fanconi Syndrome,
Alport Syndrome,
Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease,
Diabetic Nephropathy,
Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus, and
Renal Glycosuria

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5
Q

What disorder is associated with generalized failure of proximal tubular reabsorption?

A

Fanconi Syndrome

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6
Q

What disorder results from defective collagen production affecting the glomerular basement membrane?

A

Alport Syndrome

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7
Q

What inherited disorder involves abnormal uromodulin accumulation in tubular cells?

A

Uromodulin-Associated Kidney Disease

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8
Q

What is the leading cause of ESRD, characterized by glomerular damage due to poorly controlled blood glucose?

A

Diabetic Nephropathy

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9
Q

What disorder is caused by the inability of renal tubules to respond to ADH?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus

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10
Q

What disorder is characterized by failure of glucose reabsorption in the renal tubules?

A

Renal Glycosuria

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11
Q

Name three conditions that can cause ischemic ATN.

A

Shock, trauma, and surgical procedures

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12
Q

What are examples of nephrotoxic substances that can cause ATN?

A

Aminoglycosides,
amphotericin B,
cyclosporine,
radiographic dye,
ethylene glycol,
heavy metals,
toxic mushrooms

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13
Q

What urinalysis findings are characteristic of ATN?

A

Mild proteinuria,
microscopic hematuria,
RTE cells,
RTE cell casts, and
other casts (hyaline, granular, waxy, broad)

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14
Q

What is the most specific finding in the sediment of patients with ATN?

A

RTE cell casts and RTE cells

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15
Q

What tubular function is disrupted in Fanconi syndrome?

A

Generalized failure of proximal tubular reabsorption

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16
Q

What substances are affected by Fanconi syndrome?

A

Glucose,
amino acids,
phosphorus,
sodium,
potassium,
bicarbonate, and
water

17
Q

What are possible causes of Fanconi syndrome?

A

Inherited disorders (e.g., cystinosis, Hartnup disease),

toxic agents (e.g., heavy metals, outdated tetracycline),

multiple myeloma,

renal transplant

18
Q

What urinalysis findings are associated with Fanconi syndrome?

A

Glycosuria with normal blood glucose,
mild proteinuria,
very low urinary pH

19
Q

What genetic defect causes Alport syndrome?

A

Defective collagen production affecting the glomerular basement membrane

20
Q

How is Alport syndrome inherited?

A

X-linked or autosomal

21
Q

What are common symptoms of Alport syndrome in males younger than 6 years?

A

Macroscopic hematuria during respiratory infections, progressing to microscopic hematuria

22
Q

What systemic abnormalities are associated with Alport syndrome?

A

Hearing and vision abnormalities

23
Q

What is the prognosis for Alport syndrome?

A

Ranges from mild symptoms to ESRD

24
Q

What protein is defective in uromodulin-associated kidney disease?

A

Uromodulin

25
Q

How is uromodulin-associated kidney disease inherited?

A

Autosomal dominant mutation

26
Q

What complication precedes renal disease in uromodulin-associated kidney disease?

A

Gout due to increased serum uric acid

27
Q

What is the ultimate outcome of uromodulin-associated kidney disease?

A

Renal transplantation

28
Q

What is the leading cause of ESRD?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

29
Q

What structural changes occur in diabetic nephropathy?

A

Glomerular basement membrane thickening,
mesangial cell proliferation,
sclerosis of the vascular structure

30
Q

What early laboratory marker is used to detect diabetic nephropathy?

A

Microalbuminuria

31
Q

How can the progression of diabetic nephropathy be slowed?

A

Diet modification and strict hypertension control

32
Q

What causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DI)?

A

Inability of renal tubules to respond to ADH

33
Q

What are common causes of nephrogenic DI?

A

Sex-linked inheritance,
medications (e.g., lithium, amphotericin B),
complications of polycystic kidney disease or sickle cell anemia

34
Q

What urinalysis findings are associated with nephrogenic DI?

A

Low specific gravity, pale yellow color, possible false-negative chemical tests

35
Q

What is the defect in renal glycosuria?

A

Failure to reabsorb glucose in the tubules

36
Q

How is renal glycosuria inherited?

A

Autosomal recessive

37
Q

What laboratory finding is indicative of renal glycosuria?

A

Increased urine glucose with normal blood glucose

AUBF (22 decks)

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