Obesity and metabolic health

Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

Sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and provide energy for vital processes and synthesising new material

Question 2

What are inherited metabolic diseases?

Answer 2

Any disease/disorder which is inherited that disrupts normal metabolism; caused by mutation in an enzyme typically

Question 3

For each individual inherited metabolic disease, what is the incidence?

Answer 3

1 in 500 to 1 in 1mill

Question 4

What is the incidence of having an inherited metabolic disease?

Answer 4

1 in 1000

Question 5

What is obesity?

Answer 5

Excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by consumption of more calories than the body can use (positive energy balance)

Question 6

What are indicators of obesity?

Answer 6

BMI and waist circumference

Question 7

At what waist circumference is there an increased risk of obesity?

Answer 7

Men >94cm, Women >80cm

Question 8

How much of the UK is overweight/obese?

Answer 8

62%

Question 9

How much of the UK is obese?

Answer 9

25%

Question 10

How many children in the UK are overweight?

Answer 10

22%

Question 11

How many children in the UK are obese?

Answer 11

15-19%

Question 12

What are the increased health risks to men who are obese?

Answer 12

5* more likely to develop T2DM, 3* more likely to develop cancer of the colon, >2.5* more likely to have hypertension

Question 13

What are the increased health risks to women who are obese?

Answer 13

13* more likely to develop T2DM, >4* more likely to have hypertension, >3* more likely to suffer from a heart attack

Question 14

How much does obesity directly cost the NHS?

Answer 14

£4.2 billion

Question 15

How much does obesity indirectly cost the UK?

Answer 15

£15.8 billion

Question 16

How much does obesity cost in NHS impatient stays?

Answer 16

£148 million

Question 17

What are the implications of obesity for the MSK system?

Answer 17

Strain on joints (possible osteoarthritis), back pain

Question 18

What are the implications of obesity for the circulatory system?

Answer 18

Hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism

Question 19

What are the implications of obesity for the respiratory system?

Answer 19

Sleep apnoea, asthma

Question 20

What are the implications of obesity for the neurological system?

Answer 20

Dementia

Question 21

What are the implications of obesity for cancer development?

Answer 21

Endometrial, breast, and colon cancers

Question 22

What are the implications of obesity for the reproductive system and urological problems (all female)?

Answer 22

Stress incontinence, menstrual abnormalities, PCOS, infertility, maternal obesity (gestational diabetes)

Question 23

What are the implications of obesity for gastrointestinal diseases?

Answer 23

Gasto-osophogeal reflux, gall stones

Question 24

What are the implications of obesity for psychological and social problems

Answer 24

Stress, depression, anxiety etc

Question 25

What are the implications of obesity for the metabolic and endocrine systems?

Answer 25

T2DM, dyslipidaemia

Question 26

What are the implications of obesity for the liver?

Answer 26

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; >90% of obese people at risk; leads to cirrhosis

Question 27

What is the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 27

Combination of obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia

Question 28

What are the defining criteria of the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 28

Central obesity and two of: dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia

Question 29

What are the additional clinical criteria for the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 29

``` Abnormal fat distribution Atherogenic dyslipidaemia Dyslypidaemia Insulin resistance Vascular dysregulation Proinflammatory state Prothombotic state Hormonal factors ```

Question 30

What are the causes of the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 30

Obesity, PIA, inherited tendency for insulin resistance

Question 31

What are the preventative measures/treatments for the metabolic syndrome?

Answer 31

Losing weight, reducing PIA and increasing PA, eating healthily, cutting down on alcohol, stopping smoking, taking medication for controlling blood sugar and cholesterol (if necessary)

Question 32

What are the PA guidelines for weight loss?

Answer 32

>300 minutes/week MVPA, >2 days/week resistance training, less sedentary time