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A Physical Activity and Health Year 1 > Obesity and metabolic health > Flashcards

Obesity and metabolic health Flashcards

Review of obesity and metabolic disorders, and the effect that PA has on them

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum of the chemical reactions that take place within each cell of a living organism and provide energy for vital processes and synthesising new material

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2
Q

What are inherited metabolic diseases?

A

Any disease/disorder which is inherited that disrupts normal metabolism; caused by mutation in an enzyme typically

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3
Q

For each individual inherited metabolic disease, what is the incidence?

A

1 in 500 to 1 in 1mill

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4
Q

What is the incidence of having an inherited metabolic disease?

A

1 in 1000

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5
Q

What is obesity?

A

Excessive accumulation of body fat, usually caused by consumption of more calories than the body can use (positive energy balance)

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6
Q

What are indicators of obesity?

A

BMI and waist circumference

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7
Q

At what waist circumference is there an increased risk of obesity?

A

Men >94cm, Women >80cm

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8
Q

How much of the UK is overweight/obese?

A

62%

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9
Q

How much of the UK is obese?

A

25%

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10
Q

How many children in the UK are overweight?

A

22%

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11
Q

How many children in the UK are obese?

A

15-19%

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12
Q

What are the increased health risks to men who are obese?

A

5* more likely to develop T2DM, 3* more likely to develop cancer of the colon, >2.5* more likely to have hypertension

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13
Q

What are the increased health risks to women who are obese?

A

13* more likely to develop T2DM, >4* more likely to have hypertension, >3* more likely to suffer from a heart attack

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14
Q

How much does obesity directly cost the NHS?

A

£4.2 billion

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15
Q

How much does obesity indirectly cost the UK?

A

£15.8 billion

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16
Q

How much does obesity cost in NHS impatient stays?

A

£148 million

17
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the MSK system?

A

Strain on joints (possible osteoarthritis), back pain

18
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the circulatory system?

A

Hypertension, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism

19
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the respiratory system?

A

Sleep apnoea, asthma

20
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the neurological system?

A

Dementia

21
Q

What are the implications of obesity for cancer development?

A

Endometrial, breast, and colon cancers

22
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the reproductive system and urological problems (all female)?

A

Stress incontinence, menstrual abnormalities, PCOS, infertility, maternal obesity (gestational diabetes)

23
Q

What are the implications of obesity for gastrointestinal diseases?

A

Gasto-osophogeal reflux, gall stones

24
Q

What are the implications of obesity for psychological and social problems

A

Stress, depression, anxiety etc

25
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the metabolic and endocrine systems?

A

T2DM, dyslipidaemia

26
Q

What are the implications of obesity for the liver?

A

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; >90% of obese people at risk; leads to cirrhosis

27
Q

What is the metabolic syndrome?

A

Combination of obesity, dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia

28
Q

What are the defining criteria of the metabolic syndrome?

A

Central obesity and two of: dyslipidaemia, hypertension, hyperglycaemia

29
Q

What are the additional clinical criteria for the metabolic syndrome?

A 
Abnormal fat distribution
Atherogenic dyslipidaemia
Dyslypidaemia
Insulin resistance
Vascular dysregulation
Proinflammatory state
Prothombotic state
Hormonal factors
30
Q

What are the causes of the metabolic syndrome?

A

Obesity, PIA, inherited tendency for insulin resistance

31
Q

What are the preventative measures/treatments for the metabolic syndrome?

A

Losing weight, reducing PIA and increasing PA, eating healthily, cutting down on alcohol, stopping smoking, taking medication for controlling blood sugar and cholesterol (if necessary)

32
Q

What are the PA guidelines for weight loss?

A

> 300 minutes/week MVPA, >2 days/week resistance training, less sedentary time

A Physical Activity and Health Year 1 (11 decks)

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