Obesity and its effects of the human body Flashcards
Define Obesity
complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat, it increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers
Comparison of fat distribution in obesity
Apple shape
- visceral and abdominal fat puts the individual at greater risk of obesity than a person who is pear shaped
What are the key reasons obesity is on the increase
- increased energy intake - from food and drinks
- increased availability of food
- portion sizes have increased
- decreased physical activity
Factors of obesity
- Genetic factors- e.g. leptin receptor mutation
- Endocrine disorders
- Drugs
- Hypothalamic injury
Pathophysiology of Obesity
- Changes in hypothalamic regulation of appetite - CVD, cancer
- Increased systemic inflammation - sleep apnea, osteoarthritis
Emotional effects of obesity
- anxiety
- depression
- lack of motivation
- isolation
- insomnia
- stigma
Physical effects of obesity
- HTN
- stroke
- body pain
- T2DM
- Osteoarthritis
- Sleep apnea
- CHD
Being overweight puts you at risk of:
Cardiovascular disease
- HTN
- diabetes
- Atherosclerosis
- IHD
HTN in obesity
Check for HTN may provide evidence for atherosclerosis
Obesity leads to the increase in
- CO - blood vessels associated with adipose tissue
- BV
- increase in arterial resistance - atherosclerosis
Increased insulin secretion
- induces thickening of the blood vessels leading to their hardening thus increasing BP
- increased CO as more adrenalin is secreted
- increased reabsorption of H2O and salt thus increasing volume and BP
High blood cholesterol
- High levels of cholesterol can increase risk of HD
- high HDL and LDL are a risk factor for CVD, but LDL are more problematic
- LDLs stick to artery walls and causes plaque to build up
T2DM in obesity
- most important risk factor for diabetes
Obesity promotes insulin resistance through inappropriate activation of gluconeogenesis
Different types of diets can further promote insulin resistance as the cell receptors become less sensitive to insulin
CKD
- Glomerulomegaly
Abnormal enlargement of glomeruli, has been related to increased risk of glomerulosclerosis
- Glomerulosclerosis refers to scarring or hardening of the glomeruli or the blood vessels located in the kidneys
- it can cause massive proteinuria
- the glomeruli filter the blood as it passes through the kidneys and remove waste fluid that then leave the body as urine
CKD:
- Hemodynamic changes of a hyper filtering kidney
- Albuminuria
Albuminuria is a sign of kidney disease and means that you have too much albuminalbumin in your urine. Albumin is a protein found in the blood. A healthy kidney doesn’t let albumin pass from the blood into the urine. A damaged kidney lets some albumin pass into the urine. The less albumin in your urine, the better.
Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease
- obesity people is 3x more likely to have GORS
- abdominal fat puts pressure on the lower oesophageal sphincter leading to reflux
- this can progress to oesophageal cancer
Cellulitis in Obesity
- infection of the tissues beneath the skin with either group A staphylococcus aureus bacteria
- Obesity can increase lymphoedema and this leads to development of cellulitis
Stroke in Obesity
Obesity increases the risk of stroke because body fat can lead to:
- change to blood flow
- increased blockages
both of these factor increase the risk of stroke
Pickwickian Syndrome
- “Obesity Hyperventilation Syndrome”
- form of sleep apnea
- when patient is unable to breathe deeply, they breath faster
- it occurs when patient’s obesity put excessive strain on the pulmonary system
- individuals with sleep apnea are at greater risk of HTN, irregular heart rhythms and stroke
Depression
Depression and Obesity are linked
- exercise and stress reduction can help treat obesity and depression
Osteoarthritis in Obesity
Obesity put excessive strain on joint and bones, leading to destruction of cartilage
Gallbladder disease and Obesity
- Gall stones are usually made of cholesterol
- Obese individuals tend to produce more cholesterol than normal
- it occurs when bile cannot dissolve all of the cholesterol causing some to precipitate out of
forming stones - Losing weight can increase risk of gall stone due to the temporary increase in the concentration of cholesterol from lost adipose tissue in the bile
Gout and Obesity
- obese individuals have a 4x more chance of developing a gout
Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the accumulation of sodium urate crystals in the joints
- Obesity puts mre pressure on the joints
- ## in addition, obese individuals have increased uric acid levels in the blood
Urinary Incontinence and Obesity
Direct link
- added weight from abdominal fat can cause stress incontinence by pressing on the bladder
- extra pressure makes it more likely that the bladder will leak
Reproductive Disorders and Obesity
Menstrual disorders
- polycystic ovarian syndrome
- infertility
Weight low has marked effect on improving the menstrual cycle, spontaneous ovulation and fertility
Pregnancy and Obesity
Obesity increases the risk of:
- Miscarriages
- doubles the chance of developing gestational diabetes
- pre-eclampsia
- double the risk of neural defects such as spina bifida
- requiring a C-section
It also makes it harder to estimate size of foetus, monitoring baby’s HR
