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05 > Obesity and its effects of the human body > Flashcards

Obesity and its effects of the human body Flashcards

1
Q

Define Obesity

A

complex disease involving an excessive amount of body fat, it increases your risk of other diseases and health problems, such as heart disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and certain cancers

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2
Q

Comparison of fat distribution in obesity

A

Apple shape

- visceral and abdominal fat puts the individual at greater risk of obesity than a person who is pear shaped

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3
Q

What are the key reasons obesity is on the increase

A
  • increased energy intake - from food and drinks
  • increased availability of food
  • portion sizes have increased
  • decreased physical activity
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4
Q

Factors of obesity

A
  • Genetic factors- e.g. leptin receptor mutation
  • Endocrine disorders
  • Drugs
  • Hypothalamic injury
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5
Q

Pathophysiology of Obesity

A
  • Changes in hypothalamic regulation of appetite - CVD, cancer
  • Increased systemic inflammation - sleep apnea, osteoarthritis
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6
Q

Emotional effects of obesity

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • lack of motivation
  • isolation
  • insomnia
  • stigma
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7
Q

Physical effects of obesity

A
  • HTN
  • stroke
  • body pain
  • T2DM
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Sleep apnea
  • CHD
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8
Q

Being overweight puts you at risk of:

A

Cardiovascular disease

  • HTN
  • diabetes
  • Atherosclerosis
  • IHD
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9
Q

HTN in obesity

A

Check for HTN may provide evidence for atherosclerosis

Obesity leads to the increase in

  • CO - blood vessels associated with adipose tissue
  • BV
  • increase in arterial resistance - atherosclerosis

Increased insulin secretion

  • induces thickening of the blood vessels leading to their hardening thus increasing BP
  • increased CO as more adrenalin is secreted
  • increased reabsorption of H2O and salt thus increasing volume and BP
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10
Q

High blood cholesterol

A
  • High levels of cholesterol can increase risk of HD
  • high HDL and LDL are a risk factor for CVD, but LDL are more problematic
  • LDLs stick to artery walls and causes plaque to build up
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11
Q

T2DM in obesity

A
  • most important risk factor for diabetes

Obesity promotes insulin resistance through inappropriate activation of gluconeogenesis

Different types of diets can further promote insulin resistance as the cell receptors become less sensitive to insulin

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12
Q

CKD

- Glomerulomegaly

A

Abnormal enlargement of glomeruli, has been related to increased risk of glomerulosclerosis

  • Glomerulosclerosis refers to scarring or hardening of the glomeruli or the blood vessels located in the kidneys
  • it can cause massive proteinuria
  • the glomeruli filter the blood as it passes through the kidneys and remove waste fluid that then leave the body as urine
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13
Q

CKD:

  • Hemodynamic changes of a hyper filtering kidney
  • Albuminuria
A

Albuminuria is a sign of kidney disease and means that you have too much albuminalbumin in your urine. Albumin is a protein found in the blood. A healthy kidney doesn’t let albumin pass from the blood into the urine. A damaged kidney lets some albumin pass into the urine. The less albumin in your urine, the better.

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14
Q

Gastro-oesophageal reflux disease

A
  • obesity people is 3x more likely to have GORS
  • abdominal fat puts pressure on the lower oesophageal sphincter leading to reflux
  • this can progress to oesophageal cancer
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15
Q

Cellulitis in Obesity

A
  • infection of the tissues beneath the skin with either group A staphylococcus aureus bacteria
  • Obesity can increase lymphoedema and this leads to development of cellulitis
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16
Q

Stroke in Obesity

A

Obesity increases the risk of stroke because body fat can lead to:

  • change to blood flow
  • increased blockages

both of these factor increase the risk of stroke

17
Q

Pickwickian Syndrome

A
  • “Obesity Hyperventilation Syndrome”
  • form of sleep apnea
  • when patient is unable to breathe deeply, they breath faster
  • it occurs when patient’s obesity put excessive strain on the pulmonary system
  • individuals with sleep apnea are at greater risk of HTN, irregular heart rhythms and stroke
18
Q

Depression

A

Depression and Obesity are linked

- exercise and stress reduction can help treat obesity and depression

19
Q

Osteoarthritis in Obesity

A

Obesity put excessive strain on joint and bones, leading to destruction of cartilage

20
Q

Gallbladder disease and Obesity

A
  • Gall stones are usually made of cholesterol
  • Obese individuals tend to produce more cholesterol than normal
  • it occurs when bile cannot dissolve all of the cholesterol causing some to precipitate out of
    forming stones
  • Losing weight can increase risk of gall stone due to the temporary increase in the concentration of cholesterol from lost adipose tissue in the bile
21
Q

Gout and Obesity

A
  • obese individuals have a 4x more chance of developing a gout

Gout is a form of arthritis caused by the accumulation of sodium urate crystals in the joints

  • Obesity puts mre pressure on the joints
  • ## in addition, obese individuals have increased uric acid levels in the blood
22
Q

Urinary Incontinence and Obesity

A

Direct link

  • added weight from abdominal fat can cause stress incontinence by pressing on the bladder
  • extra pressure makes it more likely that the bladder will leak
23
Q

Reproductive Disorders and Obesity

A

Menstrual disorders

  • polycystic ovarian syndrome
  • infertility

Weight low has marked effect on improving the menstrual cycle, spontaneous ovulation and fertility

24
Q

Pregnancy and Obesity

A

Obesity increases the risk of:

  • Miscarriages
  • doubles the chance of developing gestational diabetes
  • pre-eclampsia
  • double the risk of neural defects such as spina bifida
  • requiring a C-section

It also makes it harder to estimate size of foetus, monitoring baby’s HR

25
Q

Treatments for Obesity

A
  • Frequent dieting

- Daily exercise

26
Q

Bariatric Surgery

A

Surgical treatment is reserved for patients who either have:

  • A BMI above 40 or;
  • A BMI above 35, and another serious comorbidity risk factors such as HTN and sleep apnoea
  • patients will need multivitamins such as iron, calcium, vitamin D and B12
  • Protein intake needs to be prioritized
  • Protein and fibre supplements may be used

e.g. laparascopic gastric bypass

27
Q

How does obsity put you at risk of lymphoedema

A
  • Pressure from adipose tissue blocks the return of lymph
28
Q

What is Fasting glucose?

A

test to see if patients have impaired response to glucose after a meal

29
Q

What is fasting insulin?

A
    • may not be a reliable test for metabolic syndromes

- however, patients who have elevated insulin levels above normal are said to suffer from metabolic syndrome

30
Q

Micro-albumin

A
  • early indicator of CKD and helps identify the disease before other symptoms are present
31
Q

hs-CRP

A
  • C reactive protein is produced in inflammation and infection
  • A low level of inflammation may be tested for in order to determine cardiac risk

Obese produce more CRP (proinflammatory cytokines)

05 (20 decks)

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