Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

05 > Disease of the Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Disease of the Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • transport system responsible for delivering O2, Hormones, carrying waste products nutrients around the body

Any disruptions can lead to development of CHD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Explain Haemodynamics

A

Can be defined as physical forces that determine blood flow
- influenced by HR, radius of the blood vessel and the viscosity and volume of the blood

monitored by examining BP and HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Pressure, resistance and flow

A

Ohm’s law
- pressure (mmHg) = flow (L/min) x resistance (mmHg/L/min)
Mean arterial pressure = CO x systemic resistance
- decreased blood volume would decrease arterial flow which would then decrease MAP
- narrowed arteries would increase PR and would consequently increase MAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Vessel Radius?

A

resistance = (viscosity & length constants) x r^-4

radius of the cross section of a vessel - thus resistance increases as the inverse of the 4th power of the radius

if radius is halved, the resistance increases by 16 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Explain Laminar and Turbulent flow

A

Laminar flow is particles traveling in one direction

Turbulent flow is particles traveling in all directions
- this creates sounds such as murmurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the cardiac conduction system

A

Atrial contraction
○ SA node - fastest intrinsic rate of all cardiac cells- Primary pacemaker
□ Sends electrical which are propagated throughout the entire atria via gap junctions in the intercalated discs
® In response, the cardiac muscle within the atrial walls contract simultaneously
○ Sino atrial node sends an electrical signal to the atrial myocardium, this causes the atria to contract and blood is forced into the ventricles

○ Sino atrial node also sends a signal to the atrioventricular node

Ventricular contraction
□ Atrioventricular node is triggered by the Sino atrial node
Signals are sent down the septum via the Bundle of His which triggers a network of fibres called Purkinje fibres in the walls of the ventricles which causes ventricular contraction and blood is force out the arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain how blood pressure is regulated

A

Dependent on amount of the blood being pumped by the heart (CO) and resistance to flow (peripheral resistance)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain the relationship between arterial blood volume and blood
pressure

A

An increase in SV or HR leads to the increase in CO/min the increases volume of blood entering arteries/min thus increases arterial blood flow and arterial BP

Increased blood viscosity and decreased diameter of arterioles leads to an increases in peripheral resistance and decreases volume of blood leaving the arteries/min thus increasing arterial blood volume and arterial BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Define the term hypertension and outline how it is managed

A

systolic BP above 140 and diastolic BP above 90

Treatment includes lifestyle changes (increased exercise, diet, reduction in sodium intake) and drug therapy
- oysters have high sodium content is different countries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the role of the sympathetic nervous system in the

pathogenesis of hypertension

A

Contracts blood vessels

  • increased HR and peripheral resistance leads to HTN
  • insulin resistance leads to endothelial dysfunction leading to the narrowing of vessels and vasospasms causing HTN
  • vascular redmodelling and pro-coagulants leads to narrowing of vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Outline the long-term effects of hypertension

A
  • myocardial injury
  • coronary artery disease from accelerated atherosclerosis
  • retention of sodium and increased BP due to renin and aldosterone secretion stimulated by reduced blood flow to kidneys
  • renal failure from high BP in renal arterioles
  • Stroke, aneurysm and Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)
  • Retinal vascular sclerosis, gangrene in lower extremities from accelerated atherosclerosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Define hypotension and outline how it is treated

A

Abnormally low BP

treated by fluids which increase blood volume and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Conditions that can lead to hypotension

A 
- Orthostatic hypotension
Hypovolaemia from
- blood loss
- burns
- dehydration and fluid shift
- diarrhoea and vomiting
- shock
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Define the term shock

A

State in which supply of blood to the tissue is inadequate to meet the metabolic demand of the body

  • all types of shock result in acute circulatory failure which causes tissue hypoperfusion which leads to cellular hypoxia - leading to organ failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Compare and contrast the different types of shock

A

Hypovolaemic - inadequate circulating volume e.g. huge blood loss

Cardiogenic - impaired forward pumping of the heart e.g. heart failure

Distributive - maldistribution of circulating blood

  • anaphylacitc - hypersensitivity reaction –> chemical mediators –> vasodilation
  • neurogenic - loss of sympathetic tone –> peripheral vasodilation
  • septic - severe systematic infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain what cardiogenic shock is and explain how it is treated

A

Pump failure leading to hypoxia as the heart cannot pump blood around the body

  • insufficient perfusion of the tissues
  • may be damaged heart muscle - arrhythmia, cardiomyopathy

treatment for underlying symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease

A

Development of atherosclerosis occurs in response to endothelial damage

Begins with the development of fatty streaks in between the endothelium and internal elastic lamina

Leads to progressive luminal narrowing which is associated with Acute coronary syndrome

18
Q

Explain how hyperlipidaemia and atherosclerosis can disrupt

arterial circulation

A

Important risk factor of atherosclerosis - a major cause of cardiovascular disease

  • Build-up of lipids, cholesterol, calcium and cellular debris in the vessel wall

Atherosclerosis causes turbulent flow and obstruction of oxygen to target organs

19
Q

Describe chronic ischaemic heart disease and explain how it can
develop

A

Obstruction of flow of blood to the heart

  • ageing - fatty plaques develop within our arteries (LDLs and VLDLs) - lipoprotein (high and low density)
  • sticks to artery walls - LDL
  • cleans your artery walls - HDL
  • Arteries harden and narrow
  • Reduction of blood flow leads to area of ischaemia developing
    triglycerides - risk factor of CVD
20
Q

Explain how hypertension, cigarette smoking, DM and insulin

resistance and obesity and sedentary lifestyle can cause CVD

A

HTN - due to endothelial injury & myocardial hypertrophy

Nicotine - increased HR and peripheral vasoconstriction

DM & insulin resistance - leads to endothelial damage, thickening of blood vessels and dyslipidaemia - disarrangement of fats in the blood

Obesity and sedentary lifestyle - leads to metabolic syndrome linked to obesity and abdominal fat, insulin resistance and low high density lipoprotein

CRP may be a good marker for inflammation caused by lifestyle

  • C-Reactive Protein
  • CRP is a protein made by your liver. It’s sent into your bloodstream in response to inflammation
21
Q

Explain what the term acute coronary syndromes (ACS) means and
what determinant can be used to diagnose a patient with ACS

A

Continuum between unstable angina and myocardial infarction

  • characterised by symptoms (chest pain) attributable to the obstruction of the arteries
  • diagnosis is made using ECG, chest x rays, blood tests (tropinin I or T)
22
Q

Define and describe angina

A

Chest pain caused by myocardial ischemia
- Discomfort is transient

Pain may range from discomfort to a feeling of heaviness or pressure to moderately severe pain

23
Q

Define what is meant by the term acute myocardial infarction

A

HA

  • interruption of blood supply to the heart (myocardial ischemia) which then leads to cell death (myocardial infarct)
  • most commonly there is occlusion/blockage of a coronary artery
  • cardiac muscle remains viable for approx. 20 minutes under conditions of complete obstruction
24
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction

A

MI occurs when the O2 demand of the myocardium is not met by a sufficient blood flow

due to

  • narrowing of the coronary arteries, leading to insufficient blood supply to cause myocardial ischemia
  • plaques may occlude the coronary arteries
  • CO declines due to damage to the heart muscle
  • cardiac cells do not regenerate, so dead tissue becomes scar tissue which doesn’t contribute to cardiac activity
25
Q

What is pericarditis and how is it diagnosed?

A

Inflammation and enlargement of the pericardium

may be due to viral, bacterial and fungal infections

associated with HA, surgery or trauma to chest and radiation therapy

  • diagnosised by imaging e.g. ECG
  • when severe - may also observe crackles in the lungs and decreased breath sounds
26
Q

Describe myocarditis and its treatment

A

Inflammation of the heart muscle

  • viral infection commonly
  • due to autoimmune disease
  • treatment include: antiviral therapy, bed rest and diogoxin and duiretics
  • heart transplant is reserved only for those who do not recover using more conventional treatments
27
Q

Define what is meant by the term endocarditis and explain what
risk factors are associated with its development

A

Inflammation of the endocardium
- usually involves heart valves

  • characterised by a mass of platelets, fibrin and microbial growth (vegetations)
  • auto immune disease such as rheumatic heart disease and systemic lupus erythematosus can lead to its development
28
Q

What is an aortic aneurysm?

A

Dilation/swelling/ballooning of a vessel

  • While an aneurysm can occur anywhere in the body, an aortic aneurysm occurs in the aorta
  • if they rupture, they can cause sudden death

symptoms include

  • pain in the back or abdomen
  • sudden LOC
  • low BP
29
Q

What is an aortic dissection?

A

Begins with a tear in the inner layer of the aortic blood vessel

  • blood is channeled into the wall separating the layers of tissue
  • weakens the wall and increases th risk of rupture
  • life threatening

Caused by HTN, atherosclerosis, trauma
it is uncommon

30
Q

Explain what is meant by the term cardiomyopathy and list the risk
factors that increase the chance of developing cardiomyopathy

A

Disease of heart muscle cells

  • contractility of the myocardium decreases
  • result of long term HTN, genetic history, diabetes
  • may be extrinsic - associated with pathology outside the myocardium e.g. ischemia
  • may be intrinsic - weakness of the heart muscle not attributed to extrinsic causes e.g. mitochondrial myopathy

often results in dilated left ventricle

31
Q

Explain what valvular heart disease is, what symptoms does it
produce and how is it treated?

A

Disease involving valves in the heart e.g. aortic, mitral, tricuspid and pulmonary valves

  • may be congenital or acquired
  • patients may experience chest pain, palpitation, dizziness, fever and rapid weight gain
  • treatment - antithrombotic, potent anticoagulants, balloon dilation, replacement, long term antibiotic therapy
32
Q

Explain what is aortic valve stenosis. How is it treated?

A

Aortic valve does not open fully thus decreasing the blood flow from the heart

  • treatment includes monitoring, diuretics (increases loss of water & sodium through urine), nitrates and beta blockers and surgery to repair/replace the valve
33
Q

Describe heart failure

A

Condition where heart cannot pump enough blood to meet its demand

  • heart cannot fill with enough blood
  • heart cannot fill with enough force
  • Most cases affect both sides of the heart but can affect one side only
  • RHF - heart cannot efficiently pump blood to the lungs for gas exchange
  • LHF - heart cannot pump oxygenated blood efficiently to the rest of the body
  • Ejection fraction compromised and often assessed as an indication of disease severity
34
Q

What are the symptoms of heart failure?

A

SOB - heart backflow in pulmonary veins

Fatigue - heart can’t pump enough blood around the body, the body will prioritize the blood to vital organs instead of the limbs thus creating feeling of fatigue

Swelling in the ankles and feet, legs abdomen and veins in the neck - blood return build-up

Possible cough

35
Q

Outline how heart failure is treated?

Describe

A

Treat the underlying disease e.g. HTN, diabetes

  • DASH diet - salt can increase fluid build up and increase BP
  • fluid restriction
  • increase activity
  • quit smoking
  • diuretics
  • ace inhibitors, - aldosterone antagonist
  • beta blockers - slow HR
36
Q

Describe the different alterations that can occur in veins

A

Thromboembolism
- occurs in mostly restricted mobility such as post-operative patients

  • Varicose veins - a vein where blood has pooled producing distended, palpable vessels, occurs when valve is damaged or absent
  • venous ulcer disease, a consequence of poor venous return
  • superior vena cava syndrome - progressive occlusion of the superior vena cava leading to venous distention in the upper extremities and head. may be caused by pressure on the superior vena cava mostly commonly due to cancers
37
Q

Describe the process of thrombus formation

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. stasis or turbulence (abnormal blood flow)
  3. blood hypercoagulability
38
Q

What is venous thrombosis, how is it diagnosed and treated?

A

A blood clot (thrombus) which has formed in the vein
- pathophysiology is still debated: vessel injury initiates coagulation which triggers clot formation

  • sharp pain in leg, ultrasounds can be used to visualize the clot
  • can break off and become an embolism
  • anticoagulants (e.g. heparin) can be used to dissolve the clot
  • lower molecular weight heparins (e.g. clexane) are used post operatively to prevent the clot
  • Community based individuals may be prescribed long-term anticoagulants
39
Q

What is a Pulmonary Embolism (PE)?

A

Thrombus that occludes pulmonary arterial circulation

  • usually begins as a thrombus in the deep veins of the pelvis or lower limbs
  • small part of the thrombus (an embolism) breaks away and travels to the lungs

life threatening condition

  • pulmonary HTN
  • reduced CO
  • widespread hypoxia
  • cardiac arrest. dysrhythmias
40
Q

Explain the relationship between arterial blood volume and blood pressure

A

An increase in SV or HR leads to the increase in CO/min the increases volume of blood entering arteries/min thus increases arterial blood flow and arterial BP

Increased blood viscosity and decreased diameter of arterioles leads to an increases in peripheral resistance and decreases volume of blood leaving the arteries/min thus increasing arterial blood volume and arterial BP

05 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions