Obesity

Question 1

Apple shape obesity

Answer 1

Due to visceral obesity, Excelerated Lipo lysis, increasing inflammation and metabolic syndrome

Question 2

Pear, shape obesity

Answer 2

Peripheral obesity, fat is less metabolically, active release of fewer adipocytokines, risk of obesity is less severe

Question 3

Chronic etiologies of obesity complications

Answer 3

Chronic inflammation
Metabolic disorders
Increase free fatty acids

Question 4

Obesity

Answer 4

A metabolic disorder that develops when caloric intake, exceeds caloric expenditure in genetically susceptible individuals
In adults
class one BMI 30 to 34
Class two BMI 35 to 40
Class three BMI 40 or greater classified as severe obesity
In children
BMI greater than or equal to 95th percentile for age and gender
120% of 95th percentile her or greater than 35 kg/m² or greater

Question 5

Adipocytes

Answer 5

Fat storing cells, store energy as TG synthesize TG from glucose, mobilize energy from free fatty acids and glycerol

Question 6

Adipokines

Answer 6

Secreted by adipocytes, hormone like cytokines, secreted to regulate metabolic function and immune response
Food intake, energy expenditure, lipid storage, insulin sensitivity, inflammatory response, coagulation, fibrinolysis, angiogenesis, BP regulation, May lead to insulin resistance/metabolic dysfunction

Question 7

Appetite/satiety

Answer 7

Controlled by arcuate nucleus in hypothalamus-responsible for maintaining balance in metabolism
Regulated by orexins that increase appetite and decrease metabolism
And anorexins that decrease appetite and increase metabolism

Question 8

Gherlin

Answer 8

Produced in the stomach in response to hunger
Orexin
Gherlin receptors in hypothalamus stimulate GH, releases gastric acid, increase gastric motility, pancreatic secretion of insulin and stimulate appetite

Question 9

Endocannabinoids

Answer 9

Produced in the brain and peripheral nerves
Orexin
Increase in appetite, nutrient absorption, lipogenesis, increased peripheral and central adipose tissue accumulation

Question 10

Leptin

Answer 10

Produced by adipocytes acts on hypothalamus
Anorexin
Decreases appetite and energy expenditure, as adipocytes increase, leptin secretions increase, high levels of leptin lose effectiveness resulting in resistance, disrupts hypothalamus signals satiety, causes overeating, increase weight
Levels increase with stress, simple carbs, decreased sleep

Question 11

Glucagonlike peptide 1

Answer 11

Anorexin
How Ozempic works
Stimulates pancreatic glucose, dependent insulin secretion, decrease gastric emptying, decreased appetite, increased satiety

Question 12

Adiponenctin

Answer 12

Produced primarily in adipose tissue, less in muscle and brain, considered an adipokine
Anorexin
Regulates glucose levels and fatty acid breakdown (lipid metabolism) and insulin sensitivity, Anti inflammatory, anti fibrotic, antioxidant, peptide stimulates fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscles and adipose tissue
Levels are decreased in obesity causing increased insulin resistance, increased risk of CAD, increased inflammatory markers

Question 13

White adipose tissue

Answer 13

Composes most of adipose tissue visceral (central) and SQ (peripheral)
Stores contribute to regulation of energy and homeostasis

Question 14

Brown adipose tissue

Answer 14

Composed of mitochondria and iron (brown coloring) generates heat, mitochondria oxidizes glucose and to generate heat for both adults and neonates
No role in appetite or satiety
No negative metabolic effects

Question 15

Beige adipose tissue

Answer 15

Appears in extreme cold weather with exercise
Protective against obesity, increase energy expenditure and weight loss

Question 16

Bone marrow adipose tissue

Answer 16

In all bones especially long bones
Release adipokines with osteoblast activity excess can cause osteoporosis and cause inflammation associated with RA