Inflammation/innate Immunity Ch. 7 Flashcards
Key components of the immune system
Blood, lymph, solid organs
Key roles of the immune system
Protect against pathogens, isolate and remove foreign substances, immune surveillance
Innate immunity
Natural barriers and inflammation, present at birth, with with adaptive immunity. Ex. Skin, mucus membranes, cilia, cells and secretions
Inflammatory stages
Vascular, plasma protein, cell mediated
Plasma protein components (3)
Complement system, clotting system, Kinan system
Compliment cascade
Antibody antigen complex->complement cascade->mast cell degranulation->histamine release->leukocyte chemotaxis->opsonization-> cell lysis
Key roles of the clotting cascade in inflammation
Prevent spread to adjacent tissue, trap antigen at the site so macrophages and neutrophils can remove, stop bleeding, provide a frame for repair and healing
Neutrophils
Early responders, engulf and clean up and leave
Monocytes (macrophages)
Trigger plasma proteins response, can hang out for up to 6 months depending on how severe the invader was-long term healing and clean up
Natural killer
Not leukocytes, have granulocytes, serve similar with viruses, viral antigen and some cancers
Basophils
B cell response (antibody), allergic response
Eosinophils
Parasitic infection, allergic reaction, regular mast cell response, need to know when to turn on/off
Mast cells
Granulation: release of histamine and other vasodilators, causes itchy, swollen skin
Phagocytosis
Chemotaxis starts the process
Leukocytes use opsonization to tag invaders to engulf and infuse with lysosome granules, ROS to switch on trigger response
Lysosome are primarily responsible for this
Interleukins
Macrophages and leukocytes
Alter adhesion, molecule expression
Bring leukocytes of the area of inflammation and stimulate their production in the bone
Both pro and anti inflammatory
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
Macrophages in mast cells
Increase endothelial cell adhesion, starts with production of chemo line
Causes fever, shock, cachexia, only pro inflammatory
Interferon/cytokines
Cell infected by virus
They don’t attack virus but protest tissue where the antigen is, stimulate antiviral proteins that prevent viral replication, most are anti inflammatory
Chemokines
Macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells. Induce Leuko chemotaxis, which is good but also involved in cancer growth, Pro inflammatory
Acute inflammation
Caused by allergens, toxins, irritants, foreign bodies
S/s: fever, leukocytosis, synthesis of plasma proteins
Cytokine storm
Covid 19-CAR-T, cell immune response that is over the top out of control, very hard to stop
S/s: high fever, pneumonitis (ARDS), kidney injury, liver, neuro, rash, GI, rheuma, steroids are key
Chronic inflammation
Results in damaged cells and weakened immune system, associated with peritonitis, obesity, DM, Alzheimer’s, insulin resistance, frailty
Can be mediated by diet, antioxidants, fit micro biome
Immune issues
Too little: deficient inflammatory response to infection
Too much: hyperactive inflammatory response causes autoimmune, allergies, alloimmunity
Cell mediated response 2 processes
Cellular receptors: recognize patterns of cell damage and trigger complement
Cellular products: send messages and coordinate the inflammatory response
4 main responders in a cell mediated response
- Neutrophils
2 monocytes
3 basophils - Eosinophils
Kinin cascade
Causes vasodilation and leukochemotaxis, bradykinin is main protein involved, short lived and localized, caused smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability
Key cellular products cytokines (4)
Interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon, chemokines
Age related implications for fever
Kids- high hypothalamus sensitive
Elderly- low fever due to suppressed immune
Fever is triggers by
IL-1 pyrogenes
Two types of immunity
Adaptive and innate
