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Patho > Infection > Flashcards

Infection Flashcards

1
Q

Bacteria

A

Unicellular, prokaryotes, no nuclear-categorized by shape (spherical is cocci, rods is bacilli, spirals)
Pilus, flagella, cell wall phospholipid and protein are important for drug interventions, capsule-keeps from getting engulfed by phagocytes, nucleoid enzymes promote infection and damage, biofilms-matrix secreted by bacteria to protect them

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2
Q

Clinical stages of infection

A

Incubation period: 1st exposure to infectious period hours to years, no symptoms, low pathogen load but growing
Prodrome period- vague mild symptoms, pathogen continues to grow
Period of illness-severity worsens, both immune and inflammatory response triggered, growth toward peak
Period of decline- decrease if tx or immune wins, peak decline
Period of convalesce-decrease until resolved

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3
Q

Stages of infection

A

Invasion/penetration (transmission)-infectious agent/antigen invades the body, avoids immune detection, triggers inflammatory response
Multiplication- time of rapid cellular growth and division, occurs before the immune system can respond
Spread/tissue damage- local or disseminated presence of disease causing agents
Colonization- presence of infectious agents on a body surface without causing disease to the person

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4
Q

Outbreak

A

Greater than anticipated increase in number of endemic cases, single case in a new area, if not quickly controlled and outbreak can become an epidemic

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5
Q

Endemic

A

Disease or condition regularly found among particular people or in a certain area

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6
Q

Epidemic

A

Disease that affects large number of people in a community, population, region
Includes obesity, opioids

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7
Q

Pandemic

A

Epidemic that has spread to a different countries and continents

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8
Q

Communicability

A

Time an infectious agent can be transferred directly or indirectly to another person

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9
Q

Infectivity

A

Ability to produce or transmit infection

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10
Q

Immunogenicity

A

Ability of a foreign substances to provoke an immune response in the body

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11
Q

Toxigenicity

A

Ability of an microorganism to produce a toxin that contributes to the development of the disease

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12
Q

Pathogenicity

A

Ability of an organism to cause disease or harm to the host

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13
Q

Virulence

A

Degree of pathology caused by the organism, usually correlated with the ability of the pathogen to multiply within the host but may be affected by other factors

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14
Q

Portal of entry

A

How pathogen enters

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15
Q

Viruses

A

Capsid coating protects the nucleic core, can not survive without a host, simple microorganism
Pathogenic properties: binds to cell membranes, inserts into host cells, matures, new virions, bud release from plasma membrane, multiple steps in replication, may have viral latency-remain dormant for various periods of time, may invade immune response by antigen variation (drift and shift)

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16
Q

Fungi/yeast

A

Molds and yeast, large eukaryotic microorganisms, mold is aerobic yeast are facultative anaerobes, infection cause by fungi are mycoses, fungi in skin, hair, nails are dematophytes
Many are part of natural biome, cell wall is polysaccharide, highly opportunistic, phagocytes an T cells are important to limit, adapt to host by producing immunosuppressant, damage tissues with enzyme toxin secretion

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17
Q

Gram negative bacteria

A

Negative for stain, cell wall thin but duplicate, release ENDOtoxins from cell wall, causing cell lysis, lipopolysaccharide wall, ENDOtoxins can cause fever, DIC, septic shock

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18
Q

Gram positive bacteria

A

Positive for stain, single wall teichoitic acid and peptioglycan, release EXOtoxin, type 1 produces pro inflammatory cytokines, type 2 damages cell membranes, type 3 enters ell and causes damage
Listeria monocyogenes only gram + bacteria that makes ENDOtoxin

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19
Q

Acid fast bacilli

A

TB, mycobacterium, THICK cellular wall, slowing growing as nutrients have a hard time penetrating wall, long time to grow out cultures, long time to teat

20
Q

Aerobic bacteria

A

Pseudomonas, anthrax, must have o2

21
Q

Anaerobic

A

Do not grow when o2 is present

22
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Ecology, can grin with or without o2

23
Q

Staph aureus

A

Develop protective capsules, that delay immune response, resistance to intracellular oxidative lysis, on skin, nose adheres to surface proteins, connective tissues, endothelium, manifestations in community and hospital acquired, potential to be DRUG RESISTANT

24
Q

E. coli

A

May exist as biofilms, normal GI flora, multipl strains, cause UTIs, travelers diarrhea, may be DRUG RESISTANT

25
Q

Mycobacterium

A

Survives and grows within macrophages and phagolysomes, contagious, and opportunistic, resistance and can be active or latent, Develop a capsule that prevents phagocytosis, suppresses host response forms granulomas-tubercles-caseales-collagen scar-immune system response is dormant

26
Q

Coronavirus

A

Lots of strains, droplet transmission, infectious 2-3 days before symptoms, up to 10 days after more risk if multi morbid and infection, ARB/ACE protective

27
Q

Influenza

A

RNA virus: A, B, C, 2 surface protein, causes fever, ache, fatigue, pro inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, TNF and interferon, produced by viral cells, hemagglutinin binds to receptors on epithelia cells of throat and lungs, incubation short, long shedding time

28
Q

Herpes simplex

A

She’d from point of infection, HS 1 oral via saliva, infection of epithelia cells, virus moves along axon of dorsal root ganglia, HS 2 genital with mucous membranes contact

29
Q

Varicella/herpes zoster

A

Chicken pox/shingles, initial is varicella, zoster is reactivating of earlier acquired appears as vesicles along dermatone, can be transmitted mother to neonate post herpatic neuralgia, vaccine

30
Q

Rubeola (classic measles)

A

RNA virus, resp tract amplifies in local lymphatic tissues and disseminates, very contagious, incubation 6-19 days (5 days before and 14 days after rash develops), droplet spread, hangs around for 2 hours after carrier is out of area, Maculopapular rash, head, trunk, and extremities, Koplic spots, buccaneers mucosa, RNA virus

31
Q

Rubella (3 day German)

A

can cause congenital rubella syndrome, sensorineural deafness, congenital heart disease, pulmonary artery stenosis, retinopathy, cataract

32
Q

Candida albicans

A

Yeast normal micro biome, opportunistic, antibiotics, immunocompromised, can be local or disseminated, resistance has developed, biofilms, cell wall adherence

33
Q

Antigenic shift

A

2 strands of the same sort of virus come together and form a second very virulent virus such as covid 19

34
Q

Antigenic drift

A

Small mutation over time such as the flu

35
Q

Antibiogram

A

Published organizations list infective organisms-numbers of infections, resistance and antibiotics that organism was susceptible to

36
Q

Goal of anti microbial stewardship programs

A

Decrease microbial resistance to abx therapy, use guidelines and antibiograms to help prescribe right drug to right bug, use upturns to change or stop abx, intentional with duration, monitor for c. Diff

37
Q

Hospital acquired infection

A

Can be same organism as community required, but hospital usually worse hospital develops within 14 days of DC, greater than 4 days after admission, any infection in LTC, CLABSI, CAUTI, VAP, SSI, different type of pathogen, duration of tx

38
Q

HIV

A

Types 1 and 2, 1 more common in US, blood borne pathogen via IVDU, blood products, blood, sex, mother to baby, viral envelope, proteins protruding GP120, enzymes on inside of virus, reverse transcriptase, targets CD4 cells virus binds with CD4 cells inject RNA into cytoplasm, integrates with host DNA transcription and translation results in new viral proteins production virus buds through cell membranes and infects more cells overtime infected CD4 cells eventually rupture or are killed by other cells,

39
Q

HIV acute infection

A

Syndrome after initial infection (40-90% of infected persons) flu like symptoms, fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, rash, myalgia, n/v/d, HA, weight loss, thrush, hepatosplenomegaly, time 1-6 weeks after exposure , if known exposure antivirals should be started!

40
Q

HIV testing

A

Gold standard combo HIV AB/AG, designed to detect early infection
If AG (-) unlikely for acute infection
If Ag(+) then HIV 1-HIV2 AB to be done
If Ag(+), HIV1/HIV2 AB differentiation immunoassay is (-), or indeterminate then viral load test should be done (CD4 test)

41
Q

HIV vs. AIDS

A

HIV CD4 count greater than or equal to 200, no AIDS illness or history of
AIDS CD4 count less than 200, even if its once, and or presence of AIDS illness

42
Q

AIDS illness

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci PNA (PJP), lymphoma, kaposi, toxoplasmosis, progressive multi focal leukoencephalopathy, TB, disseminated mycobacterium avian complex (MAC), oral candida infection CMV, invasive cervical CA, histoplasmosis

43
Q

HIV/AIDS in kids

A

Baby test at 2-4 weeks if viral load (-) retest at 4 months
If no tx s/s will occur at 6 months, opportunistic infections 1st year of life, life expectancy 3 years, mm decreased by 76% if antivirals started ASAP

44
Q

Fulminant

A

Little or no prodromal period, subclinical, brewing, difficult to treat, evolved into chronicity, individuals get very ill very quick

45
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Due to inappropriate use or farming animals receiving antibiotics

46
Q

Mechanisms of resistance

A

Inactive antibiotic
Modify the antibiotic molecule
Change the metabolic pathways to be less sensitive
Multi drug transporters prevent entrance of increase efflux of antibiotics

Patho (17 decks)

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