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Patho > Adaptive Immunity Ch 9 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity Ch 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of adaptive immunity (2)

A

Acquired (active) and passive

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2
Q

Innnate versus adaptive immunity

A

Innate- non specific response, generalized, always responds
Adaptive- specific to invading organism, antibodies are specific providing long term protection and memory

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3
Q

antigen

A

The invader (bacteria, fungi, viruses, allergens, self)

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4
Q

Haptens

A

Too small alone to be immunogenic but binds with larger protein molecules to create response ie PCN, poison ivy

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5
Q

Antibody (Ig)

A

Short term versus long term immunoglobulins
Short- IgM is the first to respond, IgA (innate), IgE (allergy)
Long term IgG
IgD less known about

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6
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Lymphocytes cannot identify antigens by themselves the antigen presenting cell process (detects and engulf) and present the antigen for recognition by the T cells to activate the acquired response
Dendritic for new
Macrophage for old

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7
Q

4 categories of T cells

A

Memory T cells, helper T cells, regulatory T cells, cytotoxic T cells

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8
Q

Memory T cells

A

(CD 2) located on cell surface and work as marker for T cells

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9
Q

Helper T cells

A

(CD4) assist in activation in CD8, NK cells, B cells

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10
Q

Regulatory T cells

A

(CD4) help prevent autoimmune response

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11
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

(CD8) binds to surface antigen and destroys infected cells

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12
Q

T cell mature in the

A

Thymus, 2 chains join to make 1 specific antigen receptor

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13
Q

T cells provide this type of immunity

A

Cellular

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14
Q

How do T cells respond to antigens

A

Slower, stimulate cytokine response to activate leukocyte response or kill target activity

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15
Q

T cells maturity results in

A

Decrease response, no antibodies developed

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16
Q

Problems if T cells are impair

A

Opportunistic infections

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17
Q

B cell mature here

A

Bone marrow, some will turn into memory cells

18
Q

B cell immunity type

A

Humoral

19
Q

B cell response to antigen

A

Have antigen binding sites with 2 roles once activated it produces daughter cells that make plasma cells. These cells are the antibody factories, and they secret IgM specific to antigens. Work outside the cell, bind and neutralize, secrete antibodies to fight antigens

20
Q

B cell antibody production

A

Initial exposure- IgM production 7 days post exposure, IgG production makes 75% of antibodies , then levels drop
Secondary exposure- increase in IgG rapid, large amounts and remains elevated

21
Q

B cell maturity results

A

Quicker response

22
Q

B cell issues if impaired

A

More systemic reactions and more susceptible to encapsulated organisms

23
Q

4 ways antibodies provide protection from antigens

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Agglutination
Precipitation

24
Q

Neutralization

A

Inactivate or cover the toxic portion of the antigen

25
Q

Opsonization

A

Make antigen more identifiable for phagocytosis

26
Q

Agglutination

A

Causes antigens to clump together and make it easier to eradicate one big group instead of many separate

27
Q

Precipitation

A

Dissolve antigen into a solid

28
Q

Direct effects on an antigen

A

Cover receptor sites to prevent antigen attachment like in an attenuated virus
Bind with a toxin and neutralize it like in tetanus toxoid

29
Q

Indirect effects in antigen

A

Antibodies activate the innate immune system, complement and phagocytosis, IgM complement activation, IgA Opsonization

30
Q

Acquire adaptive immunity

A

After exposure to antigen or immunization, requires host immune system to respond, generate long term immunity
Ex, chicken pox, measles, Covid
Infection or vaccination

31
Q

Passive adaptive immunity

A

Antibodies or T cells are transferred to recipient from donor
No immune response from host
Only temporary protection
Ex. Maternal antibodies, rabies

32
Q

Process of presenting and packaging the antigen for the lymphocytes

A

Macrophages role if it is a known antigen
Dendritic cells if naive antigen

33
Q

Lymphocytes in waiting

A

T cells produced in the thymus
B cells in the bone marrows
Move to secondary lymphoid cells as their waiting room lymph, spleen, tonsil, adenoids, Peyer patch, appendix

34
Q

Aspects that affect the immune system

A

Stress-decrease number of lymphocytes
Nutrition- decrease in zinc, B12, A, C, E, decrease B and T cell function and complement activation
Cancer- cytokines-damage cells around CA, risk of nutrition deficiency
Immunosuppressive- targets CA cells and healthy cells, opportunistic infections

35
Q

Immune hypersensitivities (3)

A

1- allergy
3-immune complex hypersensitivity, AKA autoimmune
4-cell mediated AKA graft v host disease

36
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity (allergy)

A

Caused by mast cells, IgE
Antigen degranulation results in histamine release, basophils and eosinophils respond, systemic vasodilation, and drop in BP
Bronchoconstriction, respiratory distress, increase in vascular permeability
TX is epi

37
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity immune complex hypersensitivity

A

Anti DNA, immune complexes to own DNA, antigen antibody complexes present to tissue, complement activated, neutrophils are notable to phagocytize lysosome into the tissue, test by anti nuclear antibodies (ANA)
Affect kidneys, connective tissue, heart, Brain, damage is progression
No cure, TX symptoms-anti inflammatory, IVIG, methotrexate

38
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity cell mediated

A

Cel mediated if HLA doesn’t match enough,, t helper, cytokines, macrophages, cytotoxicosis, kill target cell if can’t be killed may be walled off with a granuloma
Graft V host disease, will attack transplanted tissue
TX is anti rejection drugs and steroids

39
Q

Immune related changes in newborns/fetus

A

Maternal antibodies start to transfer to placenta in the 1st trimester, and stop at about 37-40 weeks, preterm babies at risk for infection, last about 6 months PP, T and B cell production starts at 6-8 months PP, weak immune system, less mature, can get IgA, IgG, IgM from breast milk

40
Q

Age related immune changes in the elderly

A

Decrease in number of T cells, B cells less responsive, decreased memory, “inflammaging” chronic inflammation r/t aging that results in chronic illness

41
Q

Secretory immune response

A

Systemic immune response in the mucosal system such as lacrimal, salivary, bronchial, breast, GI, GU glands/tissue
Plasma cells in secretory organs produce antibodies in secretions, these antibodies are secreted and act locally, IgA most common

42
Q

Major histocompatibility complex

A

All cells (except RBC) have glycoprotein markers on the surface, genetic MHC loci inherited one from each parent. Combination off MCH marker play a role in human leukocyte antigen (HLA type). 6 basic types with 150 different variations, when one of these antigens is not present an individual may develop antibodies to it on exposure-causing transplant rejection
Secondary role in controlling quality and quantity of immune response

Patho (17 decks)

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