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Nutrition > Obesity > Flashcards

Obesity Flashcards

1
Q

اللهمّ أكرمني بجودة الحفظ وسرعة الفهم وثبات العقل والذهن والذاكرة بحق قولك: «الرَّحْمَـنُ، عَلَّمَ الْقُرْآنَ، خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ، عَلَّمَهُ الْبَيَانَ، الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍ».

A

آمين

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3
Q

Obesity is associated with _________dysfunction.

A

adipose tissue

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4
Q

Excess fat mass is often associated with:

A

elevated systemic free fatty acids (FFAs) altered cytokine secretion
local and systemic inflammation

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5
Q

Although obesity may be defined as an excess of body________, it is currently well recognized that the distribution of body fat influences disease risk.

A

adiposity

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6
Q

Excess intra-abdominal fat accumulation (visceral obesity) is believed to be more important than total body fat in predicting morbidities associated with obesity.

A

🔴

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7
Q

central, abdominal, android pattern of fat accumulation (apple-shaped) confers an ____________of obesity-related diseases, while the gluteal–femoral adipose tissue (peripheral, gynecoid or pear-shaped) acts as a_______________.

A

independent risk

protective energy store.

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8
Q

Abdominal (Visceral) Adiposity
🔺Waist circumference (WC) >102 cm in men and >88 cm in women, and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), >___ for men and >_____ for women are used as measures of central obesity.

A

0.9, 0.85

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9
Q

Various studies have found that markers of abdominal adiposity are more strongly related to the risk of obesity-associated
complications compared to BMI alone.

A

H

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10
Q

Increased visceral fat has been associated with:

A

🔴Reduction in high-density lipoprotein (HDL),
🔴 Elevation in triglycerides,
🔴 Glucose intolerance/ hyperglycemia,
🔴 Hypertension,
🔴 Proinf lammatory and prothrombotic profile

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11
Q

These metabolic derangements observed in obese individuals increase the risk of the development of:

A

🔴Type 2 diabetes,
🔴 Cardiovascular disease,
🔴 Various types of cancers, and
🔴 Overall mortality.

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12
Q

In mammals, adipose tissue exists in two forms

A

white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT).

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13
Q

The primary role of BAT is to

A

store small amounts of fat that can be used, when needed, to produce heat and maintain body temperature.

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14
Q

WAT is designed to store

A

large amounts of excess energy in the form of triglycerides for use during periods of food deprivation

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15
Q

The size of the white adipose tissue is highly variable, representing from____to____ of total body weight.

A

5% to 60%

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16
Q

White Adipose Tissue is distributed throughout the body, and divided into two main components:

A

🔴Subcutaneous tissues (SAT).

🔴Internal adipose tissues.

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17
Q

SAT generally store more than___% of total body fat in the body.

A

80

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18
Q

The most commonly studied subcutaneous depots are the____ ,______and_____.

A

abdominal, gluteal, and femoral.

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19
Q

Internal adipose tissues are associated with internal organs and include:

A

🔴Intra-thoracic and 🔴Intra-abdominal fat depots.( 🔺Intra-peritoneal and
🔺Extra-peritoneal depots.)

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20
Q

Intraperitoneal, or visceral adipose tissues (VAT) are associated with digestive organs and are include:

A

⏺The omental tissue (attached to the stomach)
⏺ The mesenteric tissue (associated with the intestine)
⏺ The epiploic tissue (along the colon).

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21
Q

________is a complex and active metabolic organ.

A

Adipose tissue

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22
Q

Adipose tissue expresses numerous receptors that allow it to respond to afferent signals from the central nervous system and hormone systems.

A

✅

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23
Q

Adipocytes are not the only cell type present in the adipose tissues. Immune cells, mesenchymal cells, and vascular and nervous
elements are found in the adipose tissue.

A

✅

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24
Q

Obesity develops when fat cells increase either in

A

🔴Number (called hyperplasia)
🔴 Size (called hypertrophy) or
🔴 Very often in both.

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25
Q

Humans can grow more fat cells as an adult.

A

Fat tissue is one of the few tissues in the human body that has the ability to considerably expand after puberty.

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26
Q

There are many patients with type 2 diabetes who, while not overtly obese, have increased visceral fat; they are termed the

A

“metabolically obese.”

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27
Q

Sex, age, genetics, and likely environmental factors affect the____ distribution.

A

WAT

28
Q

Women generally have_______ adiposity than men and accumulate more the lower body subcutaneous area (gluteal–femoral), 🔴while men accumulate more fat in the____________(both VAT and abdominal subcutaneous).

A

higher,

central abdominal region

29
Q

Sex hormones (estrogen and testosterone) are thought to affect adipose tissue mass and distribution. -Testosterone-treated men have less fat mass with selective loss of central fat.

  • Premenopausal women often have increased amounts of______ adipose tissue.
  • Postmenopausal women are prone to increases in ___________fat.
A

subcutaneous,

intra-abdominal

30
Q

🔴Testosterone
🔴 Low testosterone levels are associated with__________(visceral obesity plus decreased muscle mass), increased risk of insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes.

A

🔴is a critical steroid hormone in reproductive functioning. It is also an important hormone in maintenance of lean body mass, and regulation of adipogenesis including the visceral fat depot.

🔴 sarcopenic obesity

31
Q

Fat tends to accumulate in______ areas with aging (both subcutaneous and visceral depots).

A

central

32
Q

Genetics as well as environmental factors play a role in determining differences
in fat distribution. Twin and population studies have revealed that both BMI and
WHR are inherited traits.

A

✅

33
Q

Aging is associated with a progressive________ in GH availability.

A

decline

34
Q

Older individuals with relative reductions in GH have

A

osteopenia, sarcopenia (decreased muscle mass due to aging), visceral adiposity, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and increased risk of cardiovascular disease.

35
Q

Chronic psychological stress can lead to________ cortisol secretion.

A

increased

36
Q

Cortisol bind to glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) on fat cells, activating___________ leading to fat storage in adipocytes.

A

lipoprotein lipase

37
Q

A greater density of GRs are found on________ compared to__________

A

visceral, peripheral fat cells.

38
Q

_______was in the ancient human diet primarily in fruits, which also contain antioxidants and dietary fiber.

A

Fructose

39
Q

the hepatic metabolism of fructose results in sustained elevations in postprandial______ levels.

A

TG

40
Q

hepatic metabolism of glucose, which principally leads to________

A

glycogen

41
Q

Increased________ consumption, particularly in the form of sugar-sweetened beverages (HFCS), has been implicated in promoting weight gain and visceral obesity.

A

fructose

42
Q

Sedentary lifestyles and inadequate protein intake are associated with________ obesity, a condition of reduced muscle and increased body fat even when body weight is normal or low, leading to an increase in visceral fat.

A

sarcopenic,

43
Q

With the development of obesity, the adipose tissue becomes increasingly____________

A

dysfunctional.

44
Q

Both elevated _____and________________are found in obesity, and are thought to play critical roles in the etiology of obesity-related metabolic complications.

A

FFAs and altered adipokine and cytokine production

45
Q

Elevated circulating FFAs:

A
  • Increase pancreatic insulin secretion.
  • Decrease insulin sensitivity in muscle and liver.
  • Increase hepatic VLDL secretion.
  • Induce endothelial dysfunction.
46
Q

VAT have a greater number of________&________, per gram of tissue, compared to subcutaneous adipose tissues (SAT).

A

stromal cells (nonadipocytes) and immune cells

47
Q

These differences in cellularity contribute to the heterogeneity in_________ production and the association of the VAT with a ________state.

A

cytokine, proinflammatory

48
Q

In response to a high caloric diet, the growth of adipose tissues occurs by a combination of hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

A

🥲🥲

49
Q

The capacity of proliferation is lower in_______ than subcutaneous depots.

A

visceral

50
Q

This limited capacity for hyperplasia may contribute to the excessive hypertrophy, resulting in tissue hypoxia and stress on the existing adipocytes in VAT.

A

😏مهم

51
Q

Increasing intra-abdominal fat deposition involves angiogenesis, which forms new blood vessels (analogous to what occurs with tumor growth).

The tortuous nature of the newly formed blood vessels, results in

A

poor oxygenation.

52
Q

As with tumors, the tissue is poorly
oxygenated (hypoxia), and some fat cells
ultimately die, sending signals to mobilize immune cells and activate macrophages.

A

Several cytokines are implicated in macrophage chemotaxis and activation.

53
Q

there is much greater rates of adipocyte death in VAT reflected in an increased number of macrophages which enter the abdominal visceral fat from the circulation in order to phagocyte dead fat cells.

A

Ok

54
Q

__________is a limited storage depot for fat.

A

Abdominal visceral fat

55
Q

As long as the amount of fat is in the physiological range and is not growing rapidly, the adipose tissue macrophages remain in the___________ or__ alternatively activated state.

A

unstimulated, M2

56
Q

rapid growth of intra- abdominal fat where there is evidence of tissue hypoxia and dead fat cells, there is activation of____________:

A

M1 classically activated macrophages.

57
Q

As adipocytes become hypertrophic, macrophages and other immune cells infiltrate the fat tissues and become activated.
 M1 classically activated macrophages:

A

Impair insulin signaling.
Secrete proinflammatory cytokines.
Suppress the production of anti- inflammatory adipokines.
This contributes to inflammation within the tissue.

58
Q

Fat accumulation in the adipocyte is achieved by fatty acid uptake and synthesis of fatty acids (_______), while fat mobilization is achieved by_______.

A

lipogenesis, lipolysis

59
Q

lipogenesis and lipolysis

are regulated by various hormones including______&_______

A

insulin and catecholamines.

60
Q

In the postprandial state, lipogenesis is greater in_______ fat than______ adipose tissue.

A

visceral, subcutaneous abdominal

61
Q

Insulin regulation is critical in the postprandial state where it favors FA uptake and storage and limits hydrolysis of triglyceride in adipocytes.

A

Kkkk

62
Q

is a key organ in the genesis of the chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and diabetes and that has so many organ-specific disease implications.

A

Visceral fat

63
Q

اللهم افتح لي أبواب حكمتك، وانشر عليّ رحمتك، وامنن عليّ بالحفظ والفهم، سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا، إنّك أنت العليم الحكيم.

A

❤️❤️💚

64
Q

A combined program of resistance exercise to build muscle combined with
 balanced nutrition including adequate protein to maintain muscle mass,
 may represent the best approach to reducing intra-abdominal fat.

A

🤌🏻🤌🏻🤌🏻

Nutrition (8 decks)

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