Energy Balance

Question 1

اللهمّ أكرمني بجودة الحفظ وسرعة الفهم وثبات العقل والذهن والذاكرة بحق قولك: «الرَّحْمَـنُ، عَلَّمَ الْقُرْآنَ، خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ، عَلَّمَهُ الْبَيَانَ، الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍ».

Answer 1

آمين🧡🧡🧡

Question 2

________It is the difference between energy intake and energy expenditure (energy output).

Answer 2

Energy Balance

Question 3

Energy has to be provided from the__________ in our food

Answer 3

macronutrients

Question 4

❓❓If more food is eaten than is needed, there is a net increase in the body’s energy content and the size of stores increases.(—-)
❓❓if energy needs are greater than the intake of energy, some will have to be provided from stored energy.(—)

Answer 4

✅

✅

Question 5

The amount of energy (heat) needed to raise one kilogram of water one degree centigrade. Although not technically correct

Answer 5

kilocalorie

=calorie”.

Question 6

The amount of energy exerted when a force of

1 Newton was moved for 1 meter.

Answer 6

Joule

1 calorie = 4.18 joule

Question 7

🔻1 g of CHO
🔷1 g of protein
🔴1 g of fat

Answer 7

🔻provides 4 kcal
🔷provides 4 kcal
🔴provides 9 kcal

Question 8

The components of TEE are:

Answer 8

📌BMR (REE)
📌Physical activity
📌Thermogenesis

Question 9

It is the largest component of the total energy expenditure (60-65% of TEE) at rest.

Answer 9

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR

Question 10

is the minimum energy required to maintain life at complete rest, for the activity of internal organs.

Answer 10

BMR

Question 11

During sleep the overall metabolic rate approximates to the BMR.(——)

Answer 11

✅✅✅

Question 12

Factors affecting BMR

Answer 12

1-Age
2-Sex
3-Body size
4-Diseases
5-Drugs and pharmacological agents

Question 13

BMR is ________among infants and young children, and_________ in elderly people who have less lean body tissue.

Answer 13

highest

lowest

Question 14

BMR for men is______ than for women.

Men have a higher proportion of muscle to fat.(—-)

Answer 14

higher

✅✅✅

Question 15

BMR is________ in large people than in small people of the same age,

Answer 15

higher

as larger people have bigger hearts and more muscle and other tissues.

Question 16

Hyperthyroidism, fever, trauma, stress all can_______ BMR.

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Not affect

Answer 16

increase

Question 17

Caffeine and nicotine can_________ BMR,
while beta blockers may———- BMR.

A. Increase, increase
B. Reduce, not affect
C. مصاحبش الفرافير
D. Increase, reduce

Answer 17

increase, reduce

Question 18

Notes

عشان ضميري

Answer 18

To most accurately calculate BMR, an expert takes measurements of carbon dioxide and oxygen analysis after a subject has fasted for 12 hours and has had eight hours of sleep.
 However, a rough estimation of this data is possible using equations.

Question 19

Calculating BMR

Answer 19

Mifflin St. J. Equation
 For men: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25
x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5
 For women: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (years)–161

Question 20

Calculating BMR

Answer 20

 Harris Benedict Equation:
Male = 66.5 + 13.8(W) + 5(H) – 6.8(A) Female = 655 + 9.6(W) + 1.8(H) – 4.7(A)
W = wt. in kg
H = ht. in cm
A = age in years

Question 21

Calculating BMR

 Quick & Easy Formula

Answer 21

Male = weight in kilograms x 24 Female = weight in kilograms x 24 x 0.9
= weight in kilograms x 21.6

Question 22

Physical Activity It represents 25-35% of TEE. TEE = BMR * PAL

Answer 22

هفففففففف

Question 23

It is the ratio of overall daily TEE to BMR.

Answer 23

Physical activity level (PAL): PAL = TEE over 24hr/BMR over 24 hrs.

Question 24

Very light/sedentary

Answer 24

1.2 -1.3

Question 25

no planned activity, mostly office
work) 1.5
exercise 1-2 days a week
for 30 minutes or more) 1.5

Answer 25

Light

Question 26

Moderate

Answer 26

walking, stair climbing during day) 1.6-1.7

exercise 3-5 days a week for 30 minutes or more) 1.6-1.7

Question 27

Heavy or Very active

Answer 27

planned vigorous activities) 1.9-2.1

exercise 6-7 days a week for 30 minutes or more) 1.9-2.1

Question 28

Thermogenesis includes

Answer 28

The thermic effect
of food.
 The adaptive thermogenesis.

Question 29

The thermic effect of food is equal to approximately__________ of the energy consumed.

Answer 29

10%

Question 30

Protein and CHO significantly increase thermogenesis while fat does not.(——-)

Answer 30

✅✅

Question 31

It is the energy expended as heat to maintain body temperature in response to a number of stimuli, such as cold, infection or injury.

Answer 31

The adaptive thermogenesis

Question 32

This occurs when energy intake (food intake) has exceeded energy expenditure (physical activity) leading to overweight and obesity.

Answer 32

Positive Energy Balance

Question 33

This occurs when energy expenditure has exceeded energy intake, leading to weight loss.

Answer 33

Negative energy balance

Question 34

A negative energy balance may be evidenced by _______________rather than weight loss. This may occur during childhood or adolescent growth spurt, when energy and nutrient needs are high.

Answer 34

failure to grow

Question 35

It is a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period

Answer 35

Starvation

Question 36

🔴Humans can survive for long periods of time without food. Individuals on hunger strike who continue to take liquids may survive up to______ days.
🔴🔴🔴However, if fluids are withheld, there is a_______
deterioration and death may result within ____ days.

Answer 36

🔴100

🔴🔴🔴rapid,10

Question 37

In the first 24 hrs of starvation the body depends for energy on__________

Answer 37

the breakdown of hepatic glycogen to glucose.

Question 38

Hepatic glycogen stores are small (__________) and therefore gluconeogenesis is soon necessary to maintain glucose level

Answer 38

70- 100 g

Question 39

Gluconeogenesis starts ___________after the onset of starvation, and takes place from_______,_________,____, and_________

Answer 39

12 hours to 1 week

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, amino acids

Question 40

The majority of protein breakdown occurs in______ with eventual loss of muscle bulk.

Answer 40

muscle

Question 41

________, the breakdown of the body’s fat stores, also occurs starting from the______ day onwards.
🔷The stored triglyceride is hydrolyzed by lipase to:

Answer 41

Lipolysis, third

🔺Glycerol which is used for gluconeogenesis.
🔺Non- esterified fatty acids that can be
oxidized in the liver to ketone bodies.

Question 42

As starvation continues, adaptive processes take place to prevent the body’s protein being completely utilized:
🔻There is a………… in BMR and TEE.
🔻Central nervous metabolism changes from——— to————
🔻Muscle protein breakdown_____.
🔻Gluconeogenesis in the liver________.
🔻Most of the energy at this stage comes from adipose tissue.

Answer 42

decrease

glucose to ketone bodies.

decreases

decreases

Question 43

What does determine survival during starvation?

Answer 43

The size of fat stores

So, survival time is much less in lean people compared to the obese.

Question 44

Eventually, when stores become depleted the organ themselves may be broken down, resulting in death.(——)

Answer 44

✅✅✅

Question 45

اللهم افتح لي أبواب حكمتك، وانشر عليّ رحمتك، وامنن عليّ بالحفظ والفهم، سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا، إنّك أنت العليم الحكيم.

Answer 45

💜