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Nutrition > Energy Balance > Flashcards

Energy Balance Flashcards

1
Q

اللهمّ أكرمني بجودة الحفظ وسرعة الفهم وثبات العقل والذهن والذاكرة بحق قولك: «الرَّحْمَـنُ، عَلَّمَ الْقُرْآنَ، خَلَقَ الْإِنسَانَ، عَلَّمَهُ الْبَيَانَ، الشَّمْسُ وَالْقَمَرُ بِحُسْبَانٍ».

A

آمين🧡🧡🧡

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2
Q

________It is the difference between energy intake and energy expenditure (energy output).

A

Energy Balance

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3
Q

Energy has to be provided from the__________ in our food

A

macronutrients

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4
Q

❓❓If more food is eaten than is needed, there is a net increase in the body’s energy content and the size of stores increases.(—-)
❓❓if energy needs are greater than the intake of energy, some will have to be provided from stored energy.(—)

A

✅

✅

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5
Q

The amount of energy (heat) needed to raise one kilogram of water one degree centigrade. Although not technically correct

A

kilocalorie

=calorie”.

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6
Q

The amount of energy exerted when a force of

1 Newton was moved for 1 meter.

A

Joule

1 calorie = 4.18 joule

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7
Q

🔻1 g of CHO
🔷1 g of protein
🔴1 g of fat

A

🔻provides 4 kcal
🔷provides 4 kcal
🔴provides 9 kcal

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8
Q

The components of TEE are:

A

📌BMR (REE)
📌Physical activity
📌Thermogenesis

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9
Q

It is the largest component of the total energy expenditure (60-65% of TEE) at rest.

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR

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10
Q

is the minimum energy required to maintain life at complete rest, for the activity of internal organs.

A

BMR

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11
Q

During sleep the overall metabolic rate approximates to the BMR.(——)

A

✅✅✅

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12
Q

Factors affecting BMR

A 
1-Age
2-Sex
3-Body size
4-Diseases
5-Drugs and pharmacological agents
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13
Q

BMR is ________among infants and young children, and_________ in elderly people who have less lean body tissue.

A

highest

lowest

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14
Q

BMR for men is______ than for women.

Men have a higher proportion of muscle to fat.(—-)

A

higher

✅✅✅

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15
Q

BMR is________ in large people than in small people of the same age,

A

higher

as larger people have bigger hearts and more muscle and other tissues.

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16
Q

Hyperthyroidism, fever, trauma, stress all can_______ BMR.

A. Increase
B. Decrease
C. Not affect

A

increase

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17
Q

Caffeine and nicotine can_________ BMR,
while beta blockers may———- BMR.

A. Increase, increase
B. Reduce, not affect
C. مصاحبش الفرافير
D. Increase, reduce

A

increase, reduce

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18
Q

Notes

عشان ضميري

A

To most accurately calculate BMR, an expert takes measurements of carbon dioxide and oxygen analysis after a subject has fasted for 12 hours and has had eight hours of sleep.
 However, a rough estimation of this data is possible using equations.

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19
Q

Calculating BMR

A 
Mifflin St. J. Equation
 For men: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25
x height (cm) – 5 x age (years) + 5
 For women: BMR = 10 x weight (kg) + 6.25 x height (cm) – 5 x age (years)–161
20
Q

Calculating BMR

A 
 Harris Benedict Equation:
Male = 66.5 + 13.8(W) + 5(H) – 6.8(A) Female = 655 + 9.6(W) + 1.8(H) – 4.7(A)
W = wt. in kg
H = ht. in cm
A = age in years
21
Q

Calculating BMR

 Quick & Easy Formula

A

Male = weight in kilograms x 24 Female = weight in kilograms x 24 x 0.9
= weight in kilograms x 21.6

22
Q

Physical Activity It represents 25-35% of TEE. TEE = BMR * PAL

A

هفففففففف

23
Q

It is the ratio of overall daily TEE to BMR.

A

Physical activity level (PAL): PAL = TEE over 24hr/BMR over 24 hrs.

24
Q

Very light/sedentary

A

1.2 -1.3

25
Q

no planned activity, mostly office
work) 1.5
exercise 1-2 days a week
for 30 minutes or more) 1.5

A

Light

26
Q

Moderate

A

walking, stair climbing during day) 1.6-1.7

exercise 3-5 days a week for 30 minutes or more) 1.6-1.7

27
Q

Heavy or Very active

A

planned vigorous activities) 1.9-2.1

exercise 6-7 days a week for 30 minutes or more) 1.9-2.1

28
Q

Thermogenesis includes

A

The thermic effect
of food.
 The adaptive thermogenesis.

29
Q

The thermic effect of food is equal to approximately__________ of the energy consumed.

A

10%

30
Q

Protein and CHO significantly increase thermogenesis while fat does not.(——-)

A

✅✅

31
Q

It is the energy expended as heat to maintain body temperature in response to a number of stimuli, such as cold, infection or injury.

A

The adaptive thermogenesis

32
Q

This occurs when energy intake (food intake) has exceeded energy expenditure (physical activity) leading to overweight and obesity.

A

Positive Energy Balance

33
Q

This occurs when energy expenditure has exceeded energy intake, leading to weight loss.

A

Negative energy balance

34
Q

A negative energy balance may be evidenced by _______________rather than weight loss. This may occur during childhood or adolescent growth spurt, when energy and nutrient needs are high.

A

failure to grow

35
Q

It is a state of extreme hunger resulting from lack of essential nutrients over a prolonged period

A

Starvation

36
Q

🔴Humans can survive for long periods of time without food. Individuals on hunger strike who continue to take liquids may survive up to______ days.
🔴🔴🔴However, if fluids are withheld, there is a_______
deterioration and death may result within ____ days.

A

🔴100

🔴🔴🔴rapid,10

37
Q

In the first 24 hrs of starvation the body depends for energy on__________

A

the breakdown of hepatic glycogen to glucose.

38
Q

Hepatic glycogen stores are small (__________) and therefore gluconeogenesis is soon necessary to maintain glucose level

A

70- 100 g

39
Q

Gluconeogenesis starts ___________after the onset of starvation, and takes place from_______,_________,____, and_________

A

12 hours to 1 week

pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, amino acids

40
Q

The majority of protein breakdown occurs in______ with eventual loss of muscle bulk.

A

muscle

41
Q

________, the breakdown of the body’s fat stores, also occurs starting from the______ day onwards.
🔷The stored triglyceride is hydrolyzed by lipase to:

A

Lipolysis, third

🔺Glycerol which is used for gluconeogenesis.
🔺Non- esterified fatty acids that can be
oxidized in the liver to ketone bodies.

42
Q

As starvation continues, adaptive processes take place to prevent the body’s protein being completely utilized:
🔻There is a………… in BMR and TEE.
🔻Central nervous metabolism changes from——— to————
🔻Muscle protein breakdown_____.
🔻Gluconeogenesis in the liver________.
🔻Most of the energy at this stage comes from adipose tissue.

A

decrease

glucose to ketone bodies.

decreases

decreases

43
Q

What does determine survival during starvation?

A

The size of fat stores

So, survival time is much less in lean people compared to the obese.

44
Q

Eventually, when stores become depleted the organ themselves may be broken down, resulting in death.(——)

A

✅✅✅

45
Q

اللهم افتح لي أبواب حكمتك، وانشر عليّ رحمتك، وامنن عليّ بالحفظ والفهم، سبحانك لا علم لنا إلا ما علمتنا، إنّك أنت العليم الحكيم.

A

💜

Nutrition (8 decks)

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