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LMC Ultrasound > OB Test Ch. 54, 58, 59 > Flashcards

OB Test Ch. 54, 58, 59 Flashcards

1
Q

Free hand acquisition

A

same as manual acquisition. original 3-D. This is the the manual slide of the probe along the pt skin to collect anatomy as a series of slices. pg. 1207

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2
Q

Transparent rendering

A

Transparent rendering looks beyond the surface of the anatomy to reveal structures located within. Pg 1212

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3
Q

What are the 2 classifications of rendering?

A

Transparent and surface: Surface is displaying the surface detail like the fetal face. Transparent is looking beyond the surface displaying anatomy within. WB 414

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4
Q

What are the 2 main methods to acquire the data and what are the differences between them?

A

manual and automatic. In manual you move the probe to get the data and in automatic you don’t move the probe. pg 1207

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5
Q

What is another name for x-ray mode?

A

transparent rendering Pg 1212

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6
Q

What are the 3D small pixels elements referred to as?

A

voxels pg 1212

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7
Q

What is the best plane we use to see the fetal face?

A

2D - coronal plane Pg 1209 green box on page 1271 has more info

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8
Q

What might hinder facial screening?

A

(ex not being able to see both sides of the brain bc the skull shadows)
Fetal position, low fluid shadowing of other structures, probe positioning pg. 1210

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9
Q

What is craniosynostosis?

A

Premature closure of any or all 6 cranial sutures. Abnormally shaped clover leaf skull (Kleeblattschadel). This is associated with skeletal dysplasias (most notable is thanatophoric) and ventriculomegaly. pg. 1273

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10
Q

What could happen with the malformation of the lymphatic system?

A

This could lead to single or multiloculated lymph filled cavities of the neck (cystic hygroma). This abnormal collection of lymph causes distention of the lymph cavities which can lead to hydrops and even fetal death. pg. 1284

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11
Q

When you look at the nasal triad, what is included in the view of what you are looking at?

A

Nose, lips, nostrils, palate. eval of nasal triad should include nostril symmetry, nasal septum integrity, and continuity of the upper lip to exclude cleft lip and palate. pg. 1280

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12
Q

What is cleft lip and palate?

A

Failure of the lip/palate to close at the midline. Can involve upper lip, hard palate, soft palate, lower orbits, and out to the ears. Can be bilateral, unilateral, an isolated defect. Pg 1281

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13
Q

What is epignathus?

A

This is a teratoma located in the oropharynx
(middle part of the pharynx behind the mouth). The fetal swallowing is impaired resulting in hydrammios; small stomaches may be present. These masses are complex and contain solid, cystic, or calcified components. pg. 1282

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14
Q

What is the most common neck mass?

A

cystic hygroma colli (lymphatic obstruction) pg.1283

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15
Q

What percentage of cystic hygromas are associated with chromosomal abnormalities?

A

50% pg. 1285

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16
Q

What prominence does the bridge of the nose originate from?

A

Frontal prominence P 1269

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17
Q

What type of abnormality might you see with proboscis?

A

Alobar holoprosencephaly pg.1271

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18
Q

At what weeks should we do an NT?

A

11 wk - 13 wk 6 days Pg 1275

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19
Q

What is the most common congenital anomaly of the face?

A

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate pg 1281

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20
Q

What are some differential diagnoses with cystic hygroma?

A

Meningomylocele, encephalocele, nuchal edema, brachial cleft cyst, cystic teratoma, hemangioma, thryoglossal duct cyst pg 1286

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21
Q

What is a small chin?

A

Micrognathia pg 1275

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22
Q

Are facial anomalies typically isolated defects or are they associated with other abnormalities or syndromes?

A

facial anomalies are heterogenous and occur as isolated defects or as part of a syndrome p 1271

23
Q

What is a big forehead?

A

Trigonocephaly pg 1273

24
Q

What syndrome is associated with an ear malformation

A

Goldenhars syndrome
Roberts syndrome (small ears)
Nager acrofacial dysostosis syndrome and Treacher Collins syndrome (inadequate development of the ear) pg 1277

25
Q

Cleft lip without cleft palate is more highly identified in which ethnic group?

A

Native Americans pg 1281

26
Q

What is fetal goiter?

A

thyromegaly; it appears as symmetrical, solid, homogeneous mass arising anterior fetal neck (in region of thyroid). whenever there is maternal thyroid disease check fetus. pg. 1286

27
Q

Congenital anomalies of the face occur in 1 and how many births

A

600 pg 1267

28
Q

Typically if you have an isolated unilateral cleft lip, which side does it usually occur on?

A

Left pg 1281

29
Q

What is a neck teratoma?

A

usually unilateral and complex (cystic, solid, echogenic). Located anteriorly. Color Doppler may help differentiate this mass from atypical hygromas or other cystic masses. Can cause “star gazing” Will have color Pg 1287

30
Q

What is anencephaly?

A

Absence of the brain and skull Pg 1290

31
Q

What is acrania? How is it different than anencephaly?

A

Absence of the cranium bones with the presence of brain tissue Pg 1292

32
Q

If you have splaying of the cerebellar hemispheres, what might it be?

A

Dandy Walker Malformation pg 1299

33
Q

What other anomalies are associated with anencephaly?

A

Spina bifida, Cleft lip and palate, hydronephrosis, diaphragmatic hernia, cardiac defects, omphalocele, GI defects, talipes Pg 1291

34
Q

Which form of holoprosencephaly is the most severe?

A

Alobar Pg 1300

35
Q

Colpocephaly is associated with which anomaly?

A

agenesis of the corpus callosum pg. 1302

36
Q

What anomaly may cause absence of the cavum septum pellucidum?

A

Alobar holoprosencephaly pg. 1300

37
Q

What defect is associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome?

A

Anencephaly pg 1290

38
Q

What facial anomalies are associated with holoprosencephaly?

A

Cyclopia, Hypotelorism, an absent nose, flattened nose with a single nostril, proboscis, Cebocephaly, Ethmocephaly, Lateral facial cleft, Midline facial cleft pg 1301

39
Q

What characteristics are associated with Arnold Chiari malformation?

A

Banana cerebellum Lemon head pg 1113

40
Q

What anomaly is associated with the presence of a posterior fossa cyst and splaying of cerebellar hemispheres?

A

Dandy Walker Malformation Pg 1299

41
Q

Which anomaly is associated with a result of carotid artery occlusion?

A

Hydranencephaly Pg 1306

42
Q

What is a normal size of the ventricle?

A

6.5 mm Pg 1111

43
Q

What is an abnormal size of the ventricles?

A

> 1 cm pg 1111

44
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

Open spinal defect with the protrusion of the spinal meninges pg 1295

45
Q

What is a meningomyelocele?

A

Open spinal defect with a protrusion of meninges and spinal cord Pg 1295

46
Q

What are some of the anomalies that are commonly associated with hydrocephalus?

A

aqueductal stenosis arachnoid cysts vein of Galen spina bifida encephaloceles Dandy-Walker malformation agenesis of corpus callosum lissencephaly schizencephaly holoprosencephaly pg 1306-1307

47
Q

What do we call it when ventriculomegaly makes the head bigger?

A

Hydrocephalus pg 1306

48
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly Pg 1290

49
Q

What is holoprosencephaly?

A

abnormal cleavage of the prosencephalon (forebrain) pg 1299

50
Q

What is vein of Galen malformation?

A

This is an aneurysm of the vein of galen (VAGA). This is rare. In males more than females. Usually isolated but can be associated with congenital heart defects, cystic hygromas, and hydrops. It can also be associated with neurologic damage, which may be a result of ischemia, hemorrhage, or mass. This vein will be enlarged but will communicate with normal appearing arteries. pg. 1304

51
Q

What is Cebocephaly?

A

Form of holoprosenchepaly that has a common ventricle, hypotelorism, and a nose with a single nostril pg 1301

52
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

Abnormally small head that’s 2 standard deviation below the mean. Pg 1308

53
Q

What is herniation of the meninges and brain?

A

Cephalocele- is a neural tube defect in which the meninges alone or the meninges and brain herniate through a defect in the calvarium.
Encephalocele- is the term used to describe herniation of the meninges and brain through the defect Pg 1293

54
Q

What is a differential consideration for Dandy-Walker malformation?

A

Arachnoid cyst, cerebellar hypoplasia Pg 1299

LMC Ultrasound (32 decks)

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