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LMC Ultrasound > AB-Renal > Flashcards

AB-Renal Flashcards

1
Q

the urinary system consists of:

A

kidneys
ureters
bladder

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2
Q

the principle functions of the urinary system:

A

excreting waste

regulating blood composition

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3
Q

normal kidney measurements:

A

9-12 cm long, 5 cm wide, 2.5 cm thick

a difference of 1.5-2cm in kidney lengths is concerning

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4
Q

the layers surrounding the kidney from lateral to medial

A 
Gerota's Fascia
Perinephric Fat
True Capsule
Cortex
Sinus: Medulla and Renal Pyramids
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5
Q

The Kidneys are located in…

A

retroperitoneum

posterior to the peritoneum lining the abdominal cavity

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6
Q

the left renal A is located at…

the right renal A is located at…

A

4 o’clock

10 o’clock

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7
Q

where do kidneys develop and when do the move?

A

the developing kidneys ascend from the pelvis at 9 weeks and move to their normal location

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8
Q

Cortex

A

where veins, arteries, Bowman’s Capsule, and convoluted tubules are located
responsible for filtration of blood

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9
Q

Medulla

A

Responsible for absorption

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10
Q

Arcuate Arteries

A

located at the base of the pyramid

separates the medulla from the cortex

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11
Q

Nephrons

A

Functioning unit of the Kidneys

filters the blood and produces urine

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12
Q

2 main structures of Nephron

A

renal tubules

renal corpuscle

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13
Q

Renal Corpuscle

A

network of capillaries (glomerulus)

surrounded by a cup like structure (Bowman’s Capsule)

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14
Q

afferent arteriole:

efferent arteriole:

A

bring blood into glomerulus

takes blood away/leaving glomerulus

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15
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus:

A

structure that helps regulate blood pressure in the kidney

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16
Q

loop of Henle

A

goes down into the renal pyrimids

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17
Q

3 Constriction Typically seen along ureters

A
  1. where ureters leave the renal pelvis
  2. where it kinks as it crosses the pelvic brim
  3. where it pierces the bladder wall (UVJ)
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18
Q

Bladder

A

large muscular bag, the wall should measure < 3mm in trans when stretched, posterior and lat opening for the ureters to enter, anterior opening for urethra

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19
Q

UVJ

A

Ureterovesicular Junction
where ureters enter the bladder
most common site for kidney stones

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20
Q

vascular supply

A

aorta
renat arteries
segmental, interlobar, arcuate
Afferent in > Bowman’s > cleaned (Glomerulus) > Efferent to Vein

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21
Q

Urine Formation and Flow

A

nephrons remove waste thanks to the glomerulus. filtered fluid passes renal corpuscle, renal tubule. waste products pass into collecting ducts. Ducts drain into pyramids, down minor calyces into major calyces, into the renal pelvis, down ureters and into the bladder.

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22
Q

vascular supply to ureters

A

proximal- renal artery
mid- testicular/ovarian artery
distal (near bladder)- superior vesical

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23
Q

Lab Tests for Renal Disease

A 
Urinalysis                   Hematocrit:
Urine pH                    Hemaglobin 
Specific Gravity         Protein
Blood/Hematuria       Serum Creatine
Creatine
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
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24
Q

CRF

A

Chronic Renal Faiure

most common cause is Diabetes

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25
Normal Variants
``` Column of Bertin Dromedary Hump Junctional Parenchymal Fetal Lobulation Sinus Lipomatosis Extrarenal Pelvis Horseshoe Kidney ```
26
Renal Anomalies
``` Renal Agenesis Renal Hypolasia: incomplete devel. of kidney. Fewer than 5 calyces Incomplete Duplication Double Collecting system Renal ectopia polycystic ```
27
Ureterocele
cyst like enlargement of the lower end of the ureter
28
Bladder Pathology
diverticula cystitis bladder calculi bladder tumors
29
Diverticula
appears as a pouch-like herniation of the bladder wall | congenital or acquired
30
cystitis
thickening of bladder wall, usually form infection | more common in females
31
bladder calculi
stone in bladder. can come from kidney of form in the bladder.
32
most common primary bladder neoplasm:
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) | TCC accounts of 90% of malignancies that involve bladder, renal pelvis, and ureters
33
Polycystic Kidney Disease
ADPKD- Autosomal Dom./Adult Polycystic disease | ARPKD- Autosomal Recessive- relatively rare
34
Angiomylolipoma
Most common Benign Tumor (Hamartoma) mass composed of fat, blood vessels, smooth muscle usually discovered incidentally highlyechogenic
35
Medullary Sponge Kidney
``` developmental anomaly (interlobar renal calcification) occurs in medulary pyramids consist of cystic or fusiform dilation of the distal collecting ducts cause unknown ```
36
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Hypernephroma or Grawitz's tumor most common neoplasm-85% of kidney tumors seen in 60-70 yr patients
37
Nephroblastoma
Wilm's Tumor most common abdominal malignancy in children 90% of patients are younger than 5yr 50% arise from adrenal medulla 2x-8x more common in patients with horseshoe kidneys
38
Oncocytoma
uncommon renal tumor usually benign | increased in middle aged to older patients
39
Renal Fungal Disease
Candida Albican | most common form of fungal urinary track infection
40
Pyonephrosis
contains pus -sick sick patients
41
pyelonephritis
inflammation of the kidney cortex large compressing renal sinus treated with antibiotics
42
Pyonephrosis and Renal Fungal Disease
have the same clinical symptoms
43
Hydronephrosis
Urinary Tract Obstruction (UTO) interconnected fluid filled calyces it is graded 1-4 for severity
44
Acquired causes of Hydronephrosis:
``` bladder tumor normal pregnancy prostate enlargement calculi pelvic mass carcinoma of cervix Retroperitneal Fibrosis neurogenic bladder ```
45
intrinsic causes of Hydronephrosis
``` bladder neck obstruction calculus congenital defect stricture UPJ obstruction inflamation posterior urethral vallues pyelonephritis utererocele ```
46
Nephrolithasis | Urolithiasis
stone within the kidney | stone within the urinary tract
47
Renal Infartion
part of the tissue under goes necrosis after cessation of blood supply usually a result of artery occlusion.
48
Posterior Urethral Valves
an obstructing membrane in the posterior male urethra as a result of abnormal in utero development. It is the most common cause of bladder outlet obstruction in male newborns. The disorder varies in degree, with mild cases followed conservatively.
49
Staghorn Calculus
stones that are large and fill the renal collecting system | always within the Kidney
50
hormomes resposible or flight or flight
Epinephrine: Excelorator Noreipinephrine: Vasoconstrictor -produced in the medulla
51
sex hormone
Adrogen- male sex hormone Estrogen- female sex hormone controlled by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland
52
hormomes responsible or flight or flight
Epinephrine: Excelorator Noreipinephrine: Vasoconstrictor -produced in the medulla
53
Adrenal Cortex
outer portion, secretes steroids that help to regulate electrolytes metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and sex hormones
54
cortisol
help diminish the allergic response to inflammatory disease of the body
55
Conn's Syndrome
(aldosteronism) -common | caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone due to adenoma of glomerulosa cells
56
clinical signs of Conn's Synd.
muscle weakness, High Blood Pressure, Abnormal EKG
57
Glucocorticoids
play an important role in the metabolism of carbohydrates | primary: Cortisone and Hydrocortisone
58
Cushing's Syndrome
excessive secretion of cortisol usually form a tumor of the adrenal gland (adenoma or carcinoma)
59
clinical signs of Cushing's Syndrome
"moon face" truncal obesity with pencil thin extremities psychisatric disturbances
60
Hypofuntion of adrenal gland | adrenocortical insufficiency
Addison's disease
61
primary causes of Addison's Disease
autoimmune disease, TB, inflammatory process, primary neoplasm or metastises
62
Clinical signs of Addison's
tissue edema fatigue muscle and bone weakness hyper-pigmentation of the skin
63
Adrenogenital Syndrome (adrenal virilism)
increased secretion of sex hormones
64
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
bilateral adrenal hemorrhage that is complicated by adrenal insufficiency caused by sever bacterial meningococcal infection
65
A resistive index greater than___ | it is suggested you have cancerous lymphnodes
.7
66
adrenal vascular supply
3 arteries supply each gland 1 vein from the hilum drains to the IVC on the right the left drains into the left renal
67
primary retroperitoneal tumors
lymphoma leiomysarcoma fibrosarcoma teratomas
68
Ormond's Disease
Retroperitoneal Fibroisis (RPF) unknown cause assoc. w/ a mallignant process may encase and obstruct ureters and vena cava
69
clinical signs of Ormond's Disease
flank pain, back pain, weight loss, nausea and vomiting
70
3 categories of steroids
Mineralocoricoids Glucocorticoids Sex Hormones

LMC Ultrasound (32 decks)

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