O chem review Flashcards
major elements that correspond with life are___joined by____bonds. They make up____ percent of body weight
C,H,N,O. covalent. 90
in decreasing order, what molecules make up the body weight?
water, protein, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acid
functional group
specific array of atoms that allow molecules to react with each other in a predictable manner
what functional groups do monosaccharides contain?
polyhydroxyl (lots of OH)-aldehydes OR ketones
What functional groups do fatty acids contain?
terminal carboxylic acid
what functional groups do amino acids contain?
amino-and carboxylate-groups (amino acid)
what functional groups does cysteine have in it?
sulfhydryl group (plus other ones that amino acids have)
what functional groups do fats contain?
ester bonds that link 2 fatty acids to glycerol
amino acids are proteins linked together by what?
amide (peptide) bond
what two functional groups are present in fructose?
alcohol and ketone
what functional groups are associated with TAG
alcohol, ester
Acid + alcohol=
ester
what is the difference between the terms carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups?
carboxylic acid retains its proton, carboxylate loses its proton
What ketone body is present on the breath of an untreated diabetic?
acetone
pyruvate and lactate
represent the end products of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.
What is the difference between pyruvate and lactate?
pyruvate contains alpha-keto group, lactate contains alpha-hydroxyl group
what type of reaction occurs when lactate is converted to pyruvate with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase?
see page 13-14
condensation reactions
condenses two molecules into one creating a new functional group
condensation reactions of various acid groups
acid+alcohol=ester
acid+thiol/sulfhydryl=thioesters
acid+amine=peptides or amides
phosphoric acid+alcohol=phosphomonoesters
produces water, requires energy output and holds energy
formation of a phosphoanhydride
condensation reaction between 2 phosphoric acid molecules to create a high energy phosphoanhydride bond. similar to the formation of ATP from ADP + P
major acids in biochem
carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups
an acid group that retains its proton is called..
-ic acid
an acid group that loses its proton is called..
-ate
amino groups
acquire protons from neutral or acidic environments to become positively charged
what kind of bonds do water molecules form between each other?
hydrogen. may form with other electronegative atoms too
hydrogen bonds
weak interactions between molecules that can easily be formed and broken A=T G=-C
hydrophilic molecules
water soluble.charged.
hydrophobic molecules
not soluble in water. no charge
predicting solubility of biomolecule
C:(O+N)=1-3 very soluble
C:(O+N)=3-6 soluble
C:(O+N)>6 insoluble
amphipathic molecules
molecules with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. usually associated with fats and membrane structures. lipid bilayers or miscelles
phosphate transfer cleavage reaction
group transfer cleavage reactions are associated wtih the transfer of phosphate groups.
phosphate transfer
phosphate group from ATP is transferred to another molecule. outer P of ATP transferred to a hydroxyl group of glucose creating a phosphomonoester bond
What types of reactions do kinases catalyze?
phosphate transfer
phosphate cleavage
phosphate removed from molecule.
What type of reactions to phosphatases catalyze?
phosphate cleavage
rearrangement reactions
rearrangement but overall molecular formula does not change. between structural isomers.
condensation-hydrolysis reactions
condensation of two molecules forming a single molecule, with a byproduct of water. require ATP. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse of condensation reactions, does not require energy.
oxidation-reduction reactions
oxidation-loss of H, reduction-loss of O
what kind of reaction do dehydrogenases catalyze?
redox. remove 2 H from a structure
what do oxidases do?
incorporate an O atom into various substrates.
Which enzymes are used to catalyze a substrate that is being oxidized?
dehydrogenases and oxidases
reductases
enzyme that ADDS 2 H to a substrate
if a H-atom has lost its electron..
the only particle remaining is a proton
acid
H+ donor
base
H+ acceptor
strong acids
completely dissociate, no pKa. HCL
Weak acid
dissociate to a limited extent
Ka
liklihood of an acid to release its proton
pKa
-log(Ka)
The lower the pKa
the stronger the acid
Henderson/Hasselback equation
pH=pKa+log (conj base/acid)
buffer
a weak acid and its conjugate base
where is the buffering range most effective?
+/- 1.0 pH unit from the pKa of the weak acid. effectiveness increases with concentration
pH>pKa
[conj base] > [base]
pH=pKa
[HA]=[A-]
pH>pKa
[A-]>[HA]
pH
[A-]
If a drug has pKa and pH of 7, and the mouth is pH of 7, how much of the drug would absorb?
half
If a drug has a pKa and pH of 7 and the stomach is 1.5 pH, how much will be absorb?
If it is in a weak acid form, it will be absorbed because no charged. If it is charged, will not be absorbed.
