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Biochemistry, genetics, and metabolism > O chem review > Flashcards

O chem review Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

major elements that correspond with life are___joined by____bonds. They make up____ percent of body weight

A

C,H,N,O. covalent. 90

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2
Q

in decreasing order, what molecules make up the body weight?

A

water, protein, lipid, carbohydrates, nucleic acid

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3
Q

functional group

A

specific array of atoms that allow molecules to react with each other in a predictable manner

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4
Q

what functional groups do monosaccharides contain?

A

polyhydroxyl (lots of OH)-aldehydes OR ketones

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5
Q

What functional groups do fatty acids contain?

A

terminal carboxylic acid

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6
Q

what functional groups do amino acids contain?

A

amino-and carboxylate-groups (amino acid)

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7
Q

what functional groups does cysteine have in it?

A

sulfhydryl group (plus other ones that amino acids have)

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8
Q

what functional groups do fats contain?

A

ester bonds that link 2 fatty acids to glycerol

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9
Q

amino acids are proteins linked together by what?

A

amide (peptide) bond

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10
Q

what two functional groups are present in fructose?

A

alcohol and ketone

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11
Q

what functional groups are associated with TAG

A

alcohol, ester

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12
Q

Acid + alcohol=

A

ester

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13
Q

what is the difference between the terms carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups?

A

carboxylic acid retains its proton, carboxylate loses its proton

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14
Q

What ketone body is present on the breath of an untreated diabetic?

A

acetone

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15
Q

pyruvate and lactate

A

represent the end products of aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis.

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16
Q

What is the difference between pyruvate and lactate?

A

pyruvate contains alpha-keto group, lactate contains alpha-hydroxyl group

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17
Q

what type of reaction occurs when lactate is converted to pyruvate with the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase?

A

see page 13-14

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18
Q

condensation reactions

A

condenses two molecules into one creating a new functional group

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19
Q

condensation reactions of various acid groups

A

acid+alcohol=ester
acid+thiol/sulfhydryl=thioesters
acid+amine=peptides or amides
phosphoric acid+alcohol=phosphomonoesters

produces water, requires energy output and holds energy

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20
Q

formation of a phosphoanhydride

A

condensation reaction between 2 phosphoric acid molecules to create a high energy phosphoanhydride bond. similar to the formation of ATP from ADP + P

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21
Q

major acids in biochem

A

carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups

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22
Q

an acid group that retains its proton is called..

A

-ic acid

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23
Q

an acid group that loses its proton is called..

A

-ate

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24
Q

amino groups

A

acquire protons from neutral or acidic environments to become positively charged

25
Q

what kind of bonds do water molecules form between each other?

A

hydrogen. may form with other electronegative atoms too

26
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

weak interactions between molecules that can easily be formed and broken A=T G=-C

27
Q

hydrophilic molecules

A

water soluble.charged.

28
Q

hydrophobic molecules

A

not soluble in water. no charge

29
Q

predicting solubility of biomolecule

A

C:(O+N)=1-3 very soluble
C:(O+N)=3-6 soluble
C:(O+N)>6 insoluble

30
Q

amphipathic molecules

A

molecules with distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions. usually associated with fats and membrane structures. lipid bilayers or miscelles

31
Q

phosphate transfer cleavage reaction

A

group transfer cleavage reactions are associated wtih the transfer of phosphate groups.

32
Q

phosphate transfer

A

phosphate group from ATP is transferred to another molecule. outer P of ATP transferred to a hydroxyl group of glucose creating a phosphomonoester bond

33
Q

What types of reactions do kinases catalyze?

A

phosphate transfer

34
Q

phosphate cleavage

A

phosphate removed from molecule.

35
Q

What type of reactions to phosphatases catalyze?

A

phosphate cleavage

36
Q

rearrangement reactions

A

rearrangement but overall molecular formula does not change. between structural isomers.

37
Q

condensation-hydrolysis reactions

A

condensation of two molecules forming a single molecule, with a byproduct of water. require ATP. Hydrolysis reactions are the reverse of condensation reactions, does not require energy.

38
Q

oxidation-reduction reactions

A

oxidation-loss of H, reduction-loss of O

39
Q

what kind of reaction do dehydrogenases catalyze?

A

redox. remove 2 H from a structure

40
Q

what do oxidases do?

A

incorporate an O atom into various substrates.

41
Q

Which enzymes are used to catalyze a substrate that is being oxidized?

A

dehydrogenases and oxidases

42
Q

reductases

A

enzyme that ADDS 2 H to a substrate

43
Q

if a H-atom has lost its electron..

A

the only particle remaining is a proton

44
Q

acid

A

H+ donor

45
Q

base

A

H+ acceptor

46
Q

strong acids

A

completely dissociate, no pKa. HCL

47
Q

Weak acid

A

dissociate to a limited extent

48
Q

Ka

A

liklihood of an acid to release its proton

49
Q

pKa

A

-log(Ka)

50
Q

The lower the pKa

A

the stronger the acid

51
Q

Henderson/Hasselback equation

A

pH=pKa+log (conj base/acid)

52
Q

buffer

A

a weak acid and its conjugate base

53
Q

where is the buffering range most effective?

A

+/- 1.0 pH unit from the pKa of the weak acid. effectiveness increases with concentration

54
Q

pH>pKa

A

[conj base] > [base]

55
Q

pH=pKa

A

[HA]=[A-]

56
Q

pH>pKa

A

[A-]>[HA]

57
Q

pH

A

[A-]

58
Q

If a drug has pKa and pH of 7, and the mouth is pH of 7, how much of the drug would absorb?

A

half

59
Q

If a drug has a pKa and pH of 7 and the stomach is 1.5 pH, how much will be absorb?

A

If it is in a weak acid form, it will be absorbed because no charged. If it is charged, will not be absorbed.

Biochemistry, genetics, and metabolism (11 decks)

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