BLOCK1 Flashcards
what makes an ester?
alcohol and acid
what makes a thioester
acid + sulfhydryl
what makes amides/peptides
acid + amine
what makes phosphoesters?
phosphoric acid + alcohol
organic anhydride
2 RCOOH
mixed anhydride
RCOOH + Phosphoric acid
phosphoanhydride
2 phosphoric acids
structures of ATP
2 phosphoanhydride bonds
1 phosophomonoester bond
What are the 3 ketone bodies?
acetoacetate, acetone, 3-hydroxybutyrate
What ketone body is not really a ketone body, and what is its role?
3-hydroxybutyrate. stabilizes the other ketones
Which ketone can turn into acetene?
acetoacetate
Which ketone body is volatile?
acetone
which ketone body can be reduced to form 3-hydroxybutyrate?
acetoacetate
What does pyruvate have?
ketone
what does lactate have>?
hydroxyl
ionic bonds
between two charged molecules
major acids in biochem
carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups
major base functional group
NH2 amino groups
nonpolar covalent bonds
electrons are shared almost equally
polar covalent bonds
electron cloud is more-dense around one atom versus the other so the electrons are shared unequally due to
–2 atoms bonding together have significant differences in electronegativity
rearrangement reactions
same molecular formula, rearranges it to different isomers so that it can fit better with an enzyme
dehydrogenase
enzyme that removes 2 H atoms from substrate
oxidase
enzyme that add an O atom to substrate
reductase
enzymes that add 2 H atoms to a substrate
water
- polar
- it forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with other partially charges molecules
polar bonding
unequal sharing of e
water solubility
- based on presence of charge
- hydrogen bonds between molecules are easily formed and broken
Hydrophillic molecules
- soluble in water
- must be charged or contain charged or polar bonds
Hydrophobic molecules
- solubility in non-polar environments
- molecules with no charge, or little to no charge.
- not soluble in water
When should a molecule be soluble in water?
if the C: (O+N) is 7:1
Amphipathic
both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
- micelles
- plasma membrane
VLDL
micelle that has amphipathic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules associated with it
Phosphate transfer/cleavage reaction
phosphate group transferred from one molecule to another
uses kinases
kinases
transfer phosphate from ATP (ATP REQUIRED)
fasting
phosphorylated
well-fed
dephosphorylated
phosophomonoester bond
the outer P of ATP is transferred to a hydroxyl group of glucose creating this
Phosphate cleavage
phosphate removed from particular compound
- phosphomonoester bond is hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphate
- phosphatases
phosphatase
phosphate cleavage
hydrolyzed to Pi
condensation reactions
- REQUIRES ATP
- water output
- 2 molucules built into 1
hydrolysis reactions
- water input
- no ATP
- reverse of condensation
- 2 molecules broken into 1
What enzymes are involved in oxidation?
dehydrogenases and oxidase
what enzymes are involved in reduction
reductases
acid
proton donor
base
proton acceptor
Strong acids
completely dissociate. No Pka
Weak acids
dissociate to a certain limited extent. Pia
act as buffer
Ka =
[acetate][H+]/[acetic acid]
pka=
-logka
pka
measure of the strength of a weak acid
the lower the PKa
the stronger the acid
HH equation
pH=pKa + log [conj base]/[acid]
Pka=PH
conj acid=base
what drugs get absorbed into the stomach
neutral ones
How do you get a charged drug to be soluble?
add S, O, or N to it
buffer
consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base
What determines effectiveness of a buffer?
- the buffers pH range
- the buffers cxn
when is the buffer most effective?
when the pH=pKa
is pH
need to add base
cholera
G protein cannot hydrolyze GTP back to GDP so adenylyl cyclase is just always on, producing cAMP. cAMP causes a big surge of Na+ ions that cause a lot of water to flood intestines
insulin
- peptide hormone
- beta cells of pancreas
- signalled by glucose in blood stream
glucagon
- peptide homrone
- alpha cells of pancreas
- lack of glucose in cells
epinephrine
overrides insulin
- affects mobilization go glucose rom the liver
- affects mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
GLUT4
insulin sensitive
- plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
- take up glucose
insulin binding receptor
tyrosin kinase
What gets phosphorylated in the binding of insulin?
Beta subunits of tyrosine
What does tyrosine kinase do after the beta subunits get phosphorylated?
phosphorylates other proteins such as IRS
phosphorylated IRS
promotes activation of other protein kinases leading to other biologic actions of insulin
Insulin-sensitive, facilitated transport
GLUT4 in
-most tissues (except skeletal muscle and adipose tissue)
