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Biochemistry, genetics, and metabolism > BLOCK1 > Flashcards

BLOCK1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what makes an ester?

A

alcohol and acid

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2
Q

what makes a thioester

A

acid + sulfhydryl

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3
Q

what makes amides/peptides

A

acid + amine

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4
Q

what makes phosphoesters?

A

phosphoric acid + alcohol

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5
Q

organic anhydride

A

2 RCOOH

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6
Q

mixed anhydride

A

RCOOH + Phosphoric acid

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7
Q

phosphoanhydride

A

2 phosphoric acids

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8
Q

structures of ATP

A

2 phosphoanhydride bonds

1 phosophomonoester bond

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9
Q

What are the 3 ketone bodies?

A

acetoacetate, acetone, 3-hydroxybutyrate

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10
Q

What ketone body is not really a ketone body, and what is its role?

A

3-hydroxybutyrate. stabilizes the other ketones

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11
Q

Which ketone can turn into acetene?

A

acetoacetate

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12
Q

Which ketone body is volatile?

A

acetone

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13
Q

which ketone body can be reduced to form 3-hydroxybutyrate?

A

acetoacetate

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14
Q

What does pyruvate have?

A

ketone

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15
Q

what does lactate have>?

A

hydroxyl

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16
Q

ionic bonds

A

between two charged molecules

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17
Q

major acids in biochem

A

carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, sulfate groups

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18
Q

major base functional group

A

NH2 amino groups

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19
Q

nonpolar covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared almost equally

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20
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

electron cloud is more-dense around one atom versus the other so the electrons are shared unequally due to
–2 atoms bonding together have significant differences in electronegativity

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21
Q

rearrangement reactions

A

same molecular formula, rearranges it to different isomers so that it can fit better with an enzyme

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22
Q

dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that removes 2 H atoms from substrate

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23
Q

oxidase

A

enzyme that add an O atom to substrate

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24
Q

reductase

A

enzymes that add 2 H atoms to a substrate

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25
Q

water

A
  • polar

- it forms hydrogen bonds with other water molecules and with other partially charges molecules

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26
Q

polar bonding

A

unequal sharing of e

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27
Q

water solubility

A
  • based on presence of charge

- hydrogen bonds between molecules are easily formed and broken

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28
Q

Hydrophillic molecules

A
  • soluble in water

- must be charged or contain charged or polar bonds

29
Q

Hydrophobic molecules

A
  • solubility in non-polar environments
  • molecules with no charge, or little to no charge.
  • not soluble in water
30
Q

When should a molecule be soluble in water?

A

if the C: (O+N) is 7:1

31
Q

Amphipathic

A

both hydrophobic and hydrophilic

  • micelles
  • plasma membrane
32
Q

VLDL

A

micelle that has amphipathic, hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules associated with it

33
Q

Phosphate transfer/cleavage reaction

A

phosphate group transferred from one molecule to another

uses kinases

34
Q

kinases

A

transfer phosphate from ATP (ATP REQUIRED)

35
Q

fasting

A

phosphorylated

36
Q

well-fed

A

dephosphorylated

37
Q

phosophomonoester bond

A

the outer P of ATP is transferred to a hydroxyl group of glucose creating this

38
Q

Phosphate cleavage

A

phosphate removed from particular compound

  • phosphomonoester bond is hydrolyzed to inorganic phosphate
  • phosphatases
39
Q

phosphatase

A

phosphate cleavage

hydrolyzed to Pi

40
Q

condensation reactions

A
  • REQUIRES ATP
  • water output
  • 2 molucules built into 1
41
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A
  • water input
  • no ATP
  • reverse of condensation
  • 2 molecules broken into 1
42
Q

What enzymes are involved in oxidation?

A

dehydrogenases and oxidase

43
Q

what enzymes are involved in reduction

A

reductases

44
Q

acid

A

proton donor

45
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

46
Q

Strong acids

A

completely dissociate. No Pka

47
Q

Weak acids

A

dissociate to a certain limited extent. Pia

act as buffer

48
Q

Ka =

A

[acetate][H+]/[acetic acid]

49
Q

pka=

A

-logka

50
Q

pka

A

measure of the strength of a weak acid

51
Q

the lower the PKa

A

the stronger the acid

52
Q

HH equation

A

pH=pKa + log [conj base]/[acid]

53
Q

Pka=PH

A

conj acid=base

54
Q

what drugs get absorbed into the stomach

A

neutral ones

55
Q

How do you get a charged drug to be soluble?

A

add S, O, or N to it

56
Q

buffer

A

consists of a weak acid and its conjugate base

57
Q

What determines effectiveness of a buffer?

A
  • the buffers pH range

- the buffers cxn

58
Q

when is the buffer most effective?

A

when the pH=pKa

59
Q

is pH

A

need to add base

60
Q

cholera

A

G protein cannot hydrolyze GTP back to GDP so adenylyl cyclase is just always on, producing cAMP. cAMP causes a big surge of Na+ ions that cause a lot of water to flood intestines

61
Q

insulin

A
  • peptide hormone
  • beta cells of pancreas
  • signalled by glucose in blood stream
62
Q

glucagon

A
  • peptide homrone
  • alpha cells of pancreas
  • lack of glucose in cells
63
Q

epinephrine

A

overrides insulin

  • affects mobilization go glucose rom the liver
  • affects mobilization of fatty acids from adipose tissue
64
Q

GLUT4

A

insulin sensitive

  • plasma membrane of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue
  • take up glucose
65
Q

insulin binding receptor

A

tyrosin kinase

66
Q

What gets phosphorylated in the binding of insulin?

A

Beta subunits of tyrosine

67
Q

What does tyrosine kinase do after the beta subunits get phosphorylated?

A

phosphorylates other proteins such as IRS

68
Q

phosphorylated IRS

A

promotes activation of other protein kinases leading to other biologic actions of insulin

69
Q

Insulin-sensitive, facilitated transport

A

GLUT4 in

-most tissues (except skeletal muscle and adipose tissue)

Biochemistry, genetics, and metabolism (11 decks)

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