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nya 1 Flashcards

1
Q

X station

A

border blaster

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2
Q

wordless voice –

A

a technique in which the voice is
treated like an instrument, performing without
text

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3
Q

word-painting

A

a type of text expression in which
the music tries to create a literal depiction of a
particular word or phrase’s meaning

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4
Q

West End –

A

the collective nickname for the theater
district in London, since the major theaters are
clustered on the western side of the city

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5
Q

Vitaphone –

A

the most successful early sound-ondisc
technology, supported by Warner Bros. and
used for the first talking film

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6
Q

vision song

A

– a number in which a character sings
about something imaginary in such a way that
the singer starts to believe that the vision is real
and/or another character is drawn into believing
the vision

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7
Q

verse-chorus form

A

a pattern diagrammed as a-Ba-B-a-B
(etc.), in which the a verses have differing
text (but a shared melody), while the B
choruses repeat a single melody and the same
words each appearance

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8
Q

verse

A

an introductory vocal passage in a Tin Pan
Alley song; if that opening melody recurs later
in the piece, the result can be described as a
verse-chorus form

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9
Q

USO (United Service Organizations)

A

– a military
welfare agency established by the U.S. government
at the start of WWII by unifying the efforts
of six privately funded organizations: the
YMCA, the YWCA, the National Catholic
Community Service, the National Jewish Welfare
Board, the Salvation Army, and the National
Travelers Aid Association

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10
Q

Ultramodernism

A

a twentieth-century style that
breaks away as much as possible from traditional
musical approaches

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11
Q

tutti

A

“all” or “everyone” in Italian, meaning that

the full ensemble participates simultaneously

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12
Q

tremolo

A

a rapid repetition of a pitch that creates a

“trembling” effect

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13
Q

topical humor

A

comedy that is dependent on the

audience’s awareness of current events

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14
Q

tone cluster

A

a dissonant group of closely adjacent
pitches; clusters on the piano are usually produced
with the fist or forearm

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15
Q

Tin Pan Alley

A

(1) the music publishing district in
New York, centered on 28th Street at the start of
the twentieth century; (2) the type of popular
music issued by these publishers from the 1880s
to the 1950s

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16
Q

tertian harmony

A

the customary technique of
common-practice harmony, consisting of chords
that are built on intervals of a third (C-E-G,
F-A-C, etc.)

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17
Q

tag

A

– a short extension at the end of a chorus

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18
Q

symphonic score

A

– film music that employs orchestral

music

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19
Q

swing

A

(1) a rhythmic device particularly prevalent in jazz; it creates a compound-meter effect by
lengthening the first eighth note in a pair and
subtracting that time from the second note; (2)
a style of jazz usually featuring big-band instrumentation,
carefully planned musical arrangements,
and very danceable beats

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20
Q

string piano –

A

an experimental approach in which
the performer touches the actual piano strings
in various ways (plucking, strumming, stroking)
rather than playing the keys

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21
Q

standard

A

a song that has remained popular for a

long time and has been recorded many times

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22
Q

spiritual

A

a vocal genre developed by African
Americans; it usually has a simple, flexible melody
and conveys a religious message

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23
Q

source music

A

music in a film that the characters

in that scene would be likely to hear

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24
Q

sordino

A

mute

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25
song form
``` a pattern of repetition that can be diagrammed as a-a-b-a( ’ ) ; a synonym is 32-bar form, since each letter usually spans eight measures of music. ```
26
solo break
a passage in a jazz piece in which the majority of performers stop playing in order to feature one soloist
27
Socialist Realism
a Soviet doctrine insisting that artists must produce readily accessible works, avoiding anything that would be difficult to understand
28
shout chorus
a loud passage in a jazz piece, usually featuring the full ensemble playing in the same rhythm simultaneously; it usually occurs near the end of the piece to build excitement
29
short
a film lasting only a few minutes
30
shake
an up-and-down pitch oscillation, or “wobble,” | added to particular notes by many jazz musicians
31
sequence
– the successive repetition of a musical | motif or phrase at higher or lower pitch levels
32
sectional writing
block voicing
33
Scotch snap
a short-long rhythmic pattern, with | the short note occurring on a strong pulse
34
scherzo
a joking or particularly fast movement, | usually in a sonata cycle
35
scat singing
a jazz vocal technique in which the performer sings nonsense syllables; the voice is treated as if it were an instrument
36
rubato
a method of performing with subtle speeding and slowing of the tempo, sometimes to the extent that no steady background pulse is felt
37
rpm
the abbreviation for “revolutions per minute,” | which measures the rotation speed of audio recordings
38
rotation
a technique in which a series of pitches is repeated multiple times, but the initial pitch each time moves to the back of the line during successive repetitions
39
ritornello
material that recurs multiple times in a | piece or movement
40
riff
a jazz motif (melodic, rhythmic, or even just a chord progression) that is repeated in an ostinato fashion
41
ride cymbal
– a heavier suspended cymbal that allows the rhythm to remain audible even as the cymbal is ringing
42
rhythm section
the accompanying musicians (usually piano, string bass, drum set, and guitar) who support the harmony and rhythm of a jazz tune
43
Rhythm changes
the harmonic progression introduced in the chorus of Gershwin’s “I Got Rhythm” (1930) and subsequently borrowed for hundreds of new tunes
44
refrain
a synonym for the repetitive chorus in a verse-chorus form or the recurring “A” section in a rondo form
45
recitative
a speech-like singing style, usually sung in a free rhythm by the vocalist who is lightly supported by only a few accompanying instruments; composers use this style of singing to propel the story forward quickly
46
quintet
an ensemble of five musicians
47
quintal harmony
a chord built with intervals that are a fifth apart rather than the customary tertian harmony, built on intervals of a third
48
quartal harmony
a chord built with intervals that are a fourth apart rather than the customary tertian harmony, built on intervals of a third
49
Pulitzer Prizes
annual prizes that reward achievement | in journalism, literature, and musical composition
50
property
a pre-existing source, such as a novel, movie, or play, that inspires a Broadway show; shows that are not based on earlier material are called "original"
51
program
(1) a printed guide to the repertory to be performed at a concert, often with explanatory comments; (2) a storyline or concept that is illustrated without words in instrumental music; the adjective is programmatic
52
prepared piano
– a piano that has had its tone color modified by various objects inserted into the strings
53
polychord
bichord
54
plagal cadence
a concluding harmonic progression that moves from the subdominant (IV) chord to the tonic (I) chord
55
Phonofilm
– one of the earliest technologies to develop sound-on-film playback, invented by Lee de Forest
56
Petrillo Ban
a decision by the American Federation of Musicians, led by James Caesar Petrillo, to ban instrumentalists from recording new pieces starting August 1, 1942, until record companies agreed to pay royalties for their performances
57
OWI (Office of War Information)
an agency established during World War II to oversee U.S. government information and propaganda efforts
58
original score (also, custom score)
music that is | newly composed for a particular film
59
orchestration
the assigning of instruments to various layers of the musical score (melody, accompaniment, etc.)
60
operetta
a stage genre usually featuring skilled | singers, ballroom dancing, and a fanciful plot
61
obbligato
a term for a fairly prominent countermelody
62
nationalism
a style that celebrates the culture or | characteristics of a country in art or music
63
mute
a device that quiets or muffles an instrument’s sound in some way (Italians use the word sordino)
64
halo of strings
in film scoring, the use of quiet, high-pitched strings to accentuate a moment in a scene
65
harmonic
an amplified partial of the overtone series, produced in different ways by different types of instruments (for example, string instruments use a light touch at certain points on a string; flute players generate harmonics by overblowing)
66
head arrangement
an unwritten plan for a jazz performance, discussed by the musicians and then played “from their heads”; the technique relies heavily on riffs to fill out the texture
67
integrated
a designation for a show whose songs are specifically suited for the situation in which they’re sung or for the character who sings them
68
inversion
a melody that follows a reversed contour in comparison to a different melody, rising where the other melody drops, and descending where the other melody climbs
69
melismatic
– a method of setting text to music in which a single syllable is flexed over a series of different pitches
70
mickey-mousing
film (or television) music that parallels every gesture of the action, usually for comic effect; the term is sometimes used in a derogatory way
71
microphone boom
a long pole that suspends a microphone over a set, increasing the flexibility of the microphone during filming
72
Modernism
an artistic trend of the twentieth century that prized innovation above anything else, rejecting past practices
73
Movietone
the most successful early sound-onfilm | technology, developed by Fox Studios
74
musical comedy
– a comic genre usually presented in modern costume with popular tunes and dances
75
musical scene
– a portion of a show in which the | characters alternate between singing and speaking
76
musical (theater)
a genre label for dramatic works with songs that are integrated into the storyline, using more popular styles of music rather than operatic
77
Guggenheim Fellowship
an award from the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation to support individuals who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for scholarship or creative ability in the arts and sciences
78
glissando
a rapid sweeping motion up or down a scale, resembling the way harpists strum up and down adjacent strings
79
Geneva Conventions –
a set of treaties and protocols that govern humane behavior in the time of war
80
free tonality
a use of harmony in which commonpractice chords are employed, but the tonic at the end of a work may not be the same tonic that introduced the piece
81
formalism
a focus on abstract music that gives intellectual pleasure (as opposed to music designed to appeal to the emotions
82
flugelhorn
a brass instrument that is lower in pitch | than a trumpet and higher than a trombone
83
fermata
– an indication for musicians to sustain a note (or a rest) longer than its notated duration, briefly stopping the forward momentum of the piece
84
fall
– a downward slide or droop from a pitch
85
Expressionism
– a style of visual art, literature, and music of the twentieth-century that expresses the artist’s inner feelings about the (often disturbing) subject matter through distortion and exaggeration; musical expressionism usually conveys a sense of uneasiness through dissonance and other unsettled musical elements.
86
episode
contrasting material that occurs in between | statements of the refrain of a rondo form
87
dissonant counterpoint –
– a modernist musical texture in which two or more lines of music clash consistently with each other
88
custom score
original score
89
crooning
a popular singing style that capitalized on sensitive microphones, in which a singer (crooner) vocalizes with a warm, resonant tone and very clear diction
90
country blues –
a style that uses the twelve-bar blues structure and customarily features a male singer in informal situations (bars, dances, etc.), playing guitar, improvising his text, and using great rhythmic flexibility
91
countermelody
a melody that is juxtaposed against another melody, producing counterpoint, a texture that can also be called non-imitative polyphony
92
concerto
an instrumental genre that juxtaposes an orchestra against (most often) a soloist, or possibly a small group of soloists
93
combo
a small jazz or blues ensemble
94
classic blues
a style that uses the twelve-bar-blues structure and customarily features a female singer in concert situations, performing pre-planned material with the support of an accompanist or small ensemble
95
chorus
– in jazz and musical theater, this describes one complete statement of the main melody (or of the chords that support that melody
96
Chart Line
debuting in 1936, this was the first of the popularity charts issued by The Billboard magazine, tracking the success of various styles of music
97
character piece
a piano genre that grew in popularity in the Romantic era; it is a small-scale work that portrays a particular image or mood, usually suggested by the title
98
cantata
a vocal work with accompaniment; some cantatas feature just one singer, some use a small ensemble, and some employ a chorus; the accompaniment can range from a small chamber group to a full orchestra
99
call-and-response
a performance technique in which a soloist or small group presents a short motif, and a larger group echoes or answers with contrasting material
100
cadenza
a section during a solo concerto in which the unaccompanied soloist is featured while the orchestra stops playing; the soloist often improvises the virtuosic material that is performed

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