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dvo 1 Flashcards

1
Q

absorption spectrum

A

a continuous spectrum interrupted
by dark bands, observed when light
passing through a substance is absorbed at specific
frequencies

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2
Q

atomic spectroscopy

A

the process of identifying
the elemental makeup of a given sample by analyzing
the wavelengths of light it emits or absorbs

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3
Q

becquerel (Bq) –

A

the standard unit of radioactivity, equal to one decay per second

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4
Q

Bohr radius

A

a physical constant equal to the most
probable distance between the electron and the
nucleus in the ground state of hydrogen

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5
Q

Bose-Einstein condensate

A

a state of matter in
which a collection of bosons is cooled to very
nearly absolute zero, at which point a large fraction
of the bosons occupy the lowest energy (i.e.,
ground) quantum state

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6
Q

boson

A

any particle with integer spin, including
photons; bosons do not obey the Pauli exclusion
principle

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7
Q

break-even

A

the point at which the energy output
from a fusion reactor equals the energy input to
heat the plasma

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8
Q

breeder reactor –

A

a nuclear fission reactor that produces
more nuclear fuel than it takes in, while
generating power

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9
Q

bubble chamber

A

a device for visualizing the path
of radiation as a trail of bubbles in a superheated
liquid

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10
Q

cloud chamber

A

a particle detector in which ionizing
radiation passing through a vapor-filled
chamber forms a visible trail

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11
Q

corpuscular theory

A

a theory, made famous by
Isaac Newton, stating that light is made up of a
stream of particles

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12
Q

correspondence principle

A

a principle put forward
by Niels Bohr which states that the predictions
of quantum mechanics should agree with classical
(pre-quantum) physics in the limit of large
energies

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13
Q

cosmic rays

A

high-energy radiation that originates

from outside the Solar System

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14
Q

curie (Ci)

A

a non-standard unit of radioactivity,

equal to 3.7 × 1010 decays per second

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15
Q

Curie temperature

A

the characteristic temperature
of a magnetic material above which its magnetic
properties undergo an abrupt change

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16
Q

cyclotron

A

a type of particle accelerator, invented
by Ernest Lawrence, that accelerates charged
particles along a spiral path

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17
Q

decay constant

A

a characteristic quantity of a radioactive
isotope that is inversely proportional
to its half-life

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18
Q

decay rate

A

the rate at which radioactive isotopes
undergo radioactive decay, expressed in the
number of decay events per unit time

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19
Q

diamagnetic

A

describes materials in which the
magnetic moments of individual atoms tend to
oppose an externally applied magnetic field

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20
Q

electron volt (eV) –

A

a unit of energy equal to
1.6 × 10−19 joules, used to quantify energy transfers
on the atomic scale

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21
Q

emission spectrum

A

– bands of light at specific frequencies,
emitted by a source of electromagnetic
radiation

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22
Q

fermion

A

any particle with half-integer spin, including
electrons; all fermions obey the Pauli
exclusion principle

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23
Q

ferromagnetic

A

describes materials in which the
magnetic spins of nearby atoms tend to align
with one another, resulting in a permanent
magnet

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24
Q

fissile

A

describes a material that will undergo fission

upon collision with slow neutrons

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25
fission products
the largest "fragments" of nucleus resulting from a fission reaction
26
fusion ignition
the point at which a nuclear fusion | reaction becomes self-sustaining
27
Geiger counter
a device for detecting the presence of ionizing radiation using a gas-filled chamber surrounding a charged wire
28
induced radioactivity
the initiation of a radioactive decay process through artificial means, such as particle bombardment
29
ionization energy
the energy required to completely remove the outermost electron from an atom
30
laser cooling
the technique of slowing atoms using | specially tuned laser light
31
magnetic moment
a measure of an object’s tendency | to align with a magnetic field
32
meltdown
an informal term for overheating of a nuclear reactor, resulting in severe damage to the reactor core
33
moderator
a substance that surrounds the nuclear fuel in a reactor and slows emitted neutrons in order to make them more likely to be absorbed and thus initiate subsequent fission reactions
34
photoelectric effect
the emission of electrons from the surface of a material when it is illuminated with light of certain frequencies
35
Pauli exclusion principle
a quantum mechanical principle stating that two identical fermions cannot occupy the same quantum state; equivalently, no two fermions can have the same set of values for their quantum numbers
36
paramagnetic
describes materials in which the magnetic moments of individual atoms tend to align with an externally applied magnetic field, but which become demagnetized when the field is removed
37
neutrino
an electrically neutral particle with an extremely small mass that tends to pass straight through ordinary matter
38
plasma
a state of matter composed of free electrons | and positively charged ions
39
population inversion
a necessary condition for laser operation, in which more members of a collection of atoms are in an excited state than are in lower energy states
40
proton-proton chain
a series of nuclear fusion reactions in many stars, including the Sun, that gradually convert hydrogen into helium while producing energy
41
Q value
a characteristic value of a nuclear reaction, equal to the difference in mass between the parent nucleus and daughter nuclei
42
quantum tunneling –
a phenomenon in which the wave properties of matter allow a particle to exist in a region where it would otherwise be forbidden according to classical mechanics
43
radiometric dating
a technique for estimating the age of a material by comparing the decay rates of radioactive isotopes it contains with known decay rates
44
relative atomic mass
the average atomic mass of an element, weighted by occurrence in nature, which is often included on periodic tables
45
Rydberg formula
a formula that describes the wavelengths of light within emission spectra of various elements
46
scintillation counter
a device for detecting and measuring ionizing radiation by allowing it to excite a scintillator material
47
sievert (Sv)
a unit of effective dose of ionizing | radiation
48
stimulated emission
the process in which an incoming photon causes an excited atom to drop to a lower energy level, thereby emitting a photon in the same direction as the incident photon
49
thermonuclear fusion
the means of achieving | nuclear fusion using extremely high temperatures
50
threshold energy
the minimum energy required | to initiate an endothermic reaction
51
tokamak
a doughnut-shaped device for containing | a plasma using overlapping magnetic fields
52
ultraviolet catastrophe –
the contradiction between the classical model of blackbody radiation with experimental results in the early twentieth century; resolved by the Planck hypothesis
53
wave function
a mathematical function that contains all information about a quantum state of one or more particles
54
X-rays
electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths between 0.1 and 10 nanometers; X-rays are more energetic than ultraviolet light but less energetic than gamma rays
55
Zeeman effect
the splitting of atomic energy levels | when an external magnetic field is applied
56
Wolfgang Pauli
In 1925, suggested that no two electrons in an atom can share all four quantum numbers; in 1930, theorized the neutrino
57
Advisory Committee on | Uranium
Committee formed by Roosevelt in response to Leo Szilard's | letter; provided recommendations for nuclear research
58
Atomic Energy Commission
Organization which assumed control of the atomic program in | 1947
59
CERN
Organization supporting the Large Hadron Collider
60
Clinton Engineer Works
Organization established by the Army Corps of Engineers; later became Oak Ridge National Laboratory
61
Department of Energy
Established in 1977 by Jimmy Carter; currently manages the | National Laboratories
62
Emergency Committee of | Atomic Scientists
Group founded by Albert Einstein in 1946 to promote peaceful | atomic applications
63
Energy Research and | Development Administration
Agency which partially replaced the Atomic Energy Commission in 1974
64
Hanford Engineer Works
Housed the B Reactor, a plutonium generating reactor
65
International Atomic Energy | Agency
Founded by United Nations in 1957; promotes peaceful use of | nuclear materials; prevents the proliferation of nuclear weapons
66
Lawrence Livermore National | Laboratory
Site of the National Ignition Facility
67
Los Alamos
Also known as Site Y; research area constructed to bring together scientists working on the Manhattan Project
68
National Defense Research | Committee
Proposed by Vannevar Bush to oversee development of the | atomic bomb
69
National Institute of | Standards and Technology
Agency which regulates standards of measurements; defined the second in terms of cesium 137's oscillating frequency
70
Nuclear Regulatory | Commission
Agency that partially replaced the Atomic Energy Commission in 1974
71
Oak Ridge National | Laboratory
Laboratory that grew out of the Clinton Engineer Works
72
Project Y
Weapons development laboratory of the Manhattan Project; led | by J. Robert Oppenheimer
73
S-1 Committee
Subcommittee of the NRDC investigating uranium enrichment; | included Ernest O. Lawrence
74
Scientific Advisory Panel
Rejected a public demonstration of the nuclear bomb
75
Atomic Energy Act of 1946
Placed atomic research under civilian control; passed by Harry Truman
76
Atomic Energy Act of 1954
Signed by Eisenhower; permitted the development of civilian | nuclear power plants
77
Atoms for Peace
Address delivered by President Eisenhower to the United Nations; outlined a commitment to peaceful atomic uses
78
May-Johnson Bill
Bill proposed in October 1945; would continue military oversight over atomic research; opposed by Szilard
79
McMahon Bill
Bill proposed in December 1945 to oppose the May-Johnson Bill; placed atomic research under civilian control; incorporated in the Atomic Energy Act of 1946
80
Nuclear Non-Proliferation | Act of 1978
Signed by President Carter; prevented the spread of nuclear | materials for weapons use, but allowed for peaceful use
81
Nuclear Non-Proliferation | Treaty
Signed in 1968 by 69 nations; prevented new nations from | acquiring nuclear weapons
82
Alcohol vapor
Substance used in cloud chambers
83
Antineutrino
Antiparticle of the neutrino; released in beta minus decay
84
Balmer series
Set of hydrogen's spectral lines caused by transition to the n=2 energy level
85
Big Science
Model for federally funded research, as described by Alvin | Weinberg
86
Corpuscule
Theoretical infinitely divisible particles proposed by Isaac Newton
87
Free radical
Neutral atom with unpaired electrons; created by radiation; forms harmful compounds in the body
88
Magnetic resonance imaging
Using power magnetics and radio waves to perform diagnostic | imaging of patients
89
Muon
Particle discovered in a cloud chamber
90
Three Mile Island accident
Nuclear accident on March 28 1979 in Pennsylvania; worst nuclear accident in American history but did not have any health impacts
91
Uranium hexafluoride
Gas used in gas diffusion enrichment
92
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear | accident
Nuclear disaster following an earthquake on March 11th, 2011; forced evacuations of the surrounding area
93
Chernobyl accident
Worst nuclear power incident in history on April 26, 1986 in the Soviet Union; released 400 times more radiation than Hiroshima
94
CNO cycle
Reactions in very hot, large stars; converts hydrogen to helium via carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen; proposed by Hans Bethe in 1939
95
Compton scattering
Discovered in 1923; scattering of X-ray radiation off free electrons; unexplainable by the wave model of light and classical physics
96
Coulomb barrier
Energy barrier preventing fusion reactants from colliding
97
de Broglie hypothesis
Relation of a particle's momentum with its wavelength
98
Doppler cooling
Method of selectively slowing atoms in laser cooling
99
Doppler effect
Frequency shift caused by relative motion between the observer and wave emitter; used in laser cooling
100
Fizzle
Situation in which a nuclear weapon prematurely detonates | without reaching its expected yield

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