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dd 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Class A

A

Class of war crimes dealing with crimes against peace; focus of the
Tokyo War Crimes Trial

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2
Q

Class B

A

Class of war crimes dealing with crimes against humanity; focus of
the IMTFE’s local tribunals

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3
Q

Class C

A

Class of war crimes dealing with planning and authorization of
crimes against humanity; focus of the IMTFE’s local tribunals

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4
Q

Zyklon-B

A

Poison gas introduced in gas chambers at Auschwitz-Birkenau;

widely replaced carbon monoxide

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5
Q

Wolf packs

A

German submarine formation used to attack Allied shipping

convoys en masse in the Battle of the Atlantic

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6
Q

V-2 rocket

A

German guided ballistic missile first launched on September 8, 1944

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7
Q

V-1 flying bomb

A

German guided missile first used to target Great Britain on June 12,
1944

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8
Q

Ultra

A

British intelligence program that decrypted German Enigma codes
in World War II

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9
Q

U-boats

A

German submarines; effective in attacking Allied shipping lanes in
the Atlantic throughout World War II

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10
Q

Stuka dive bomber

A

German air force plane first trialed in the Spanish Civil War

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11
Q

Strategic bombing

A

Targeted bombing raids on German targets such as oil refineries
from British and Italian bases

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12
Q

Sonar

A

Naval military tool used in the Battle of the Atlantic to detect
German submarines

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13
Q

Repulse

A

British cruiser sunk by Japanese bombing on December 10, 1941

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14
Q

Radar

A

Military technology developed at the British National Physical
Laboratory; stationed at 50 locations on the British coast giving
advance warning of attacks in the Battle of Britain

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15
Q

Precision bombing

A

Tactic initially used in Operation Matterhorn

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16
Q

Poison gas

A

Tactic used by Italy to defeat Ethiopia in 1937

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17
Q

Magic

A

American intelligence program that broke Japanese codes by late
1941

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18
Q

Liberty ship

A

Cargo ship produced by the Allies during the Battle of the Atlantic
to keep supply lines open

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19
Q

Katyusha

A

Soviet rocket launcher developed in World War II

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20
Q

Kamikaze

A

Japanese suicide attacks first introduced at battle of Leyte Gulf

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21
Q

Island hopping

A

Allied strategy of selectively attacking Japanese-occupied islands in
the Pacific to maximize strategic gains and reduce casualties

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22
Q

Incendiary bomb

A

Primary device used in Operation Matterhorn bombings from 1945

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23
Q

Hydrogen bomb

A

Type of nuclear weapon first tested by the United States in 1952
and Soviet Union in 1953

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24
Q

Graf Spee

A

German ship sunk by Allied navies off Argentina and Uruguay

during the Phoney War

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25
Flying fortress
B-17 bomber
26
Enola Gay
B-29 that dropped the first atomic weapon on Hiroshima on August 6, 1945
27
Enigma
German encryption based on the Enigma cipher machine broken by British intelligence
28
Depth charges
Naval weapon used in the Battle of the Atlantic against German submarines
29
Blitzkrieg
"Lightning war"; term used to describe Germany's military tactics in World War II relying on speed and surprise to quickly punch through enemy lines
30
Area bombing
Style of bombing to which Curtis LeMay converted Operation | Matterhorn in 1945
31
Unconditional surrender
Policy announced following the Casablanca Conference ruling out a separate peace with the Axis and demanding that Germany and Japan fully acknowledge defeat; appeased Stalin over the postponement of the French invasion
32
UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
United Nations document defining genocide as an international crime, under which prosecutions of post-World War II genocides have taken place
33
Two-Ocean Naval Expansion | Act
July 1940 American Congressional act expanding the navy to be able to operate a fleet in both the Atlantic and Pacific
34
Truman Doctrine
Policy issued by President Truman in 1947 following the Communist insurgency in Greece that declared American resistance to any spread of communist rule
35
Tripartite Pact
Formal alliance of Axis powers signed September 1940
36
The Foundations of the | Nineteenth Century
1899 two-volume book by Houston Stewart Chamberlain arguing for Aryan racial superiority and exclusion of Jews from the German nation
37
Rome-Berlin Axis
1936 alliance between Germany and Italy; superseded by 1940 | Tripartite Pact
38
Rainbow Plans
1939 American war plans proposed by Joint Planning Board
39
Potsdam Declaration
1945 agreement by the United States, Great Britain, and China laying the foundation for postwar trials in the east
40
Plan Orange
1924 American military plan envisioning a Pacific defense based on Manila Bay and Pearl Harbor
41
Plan Dog
American-British naval strategy agreed in January 1941 that | balanced Atlantic and Pacific naval strength
42
Percentages agreement
Division of interests in Europe between Great Britain and Soviet Union agreed upon at the 1944 Moscow Conference
43
Nuremberg Laws
Set of policies passed in 1935 removing German citizenship from Jews, forbidding marriage of Germans and Jews, and mandating the Star of David
44
Neutrality Acts
Series of acts passed by the American Congress from 1935 to 1939 limiting involvement in international conflicts
45
Munich Agreement
Agreement signed at the conclusion of the Munich conference in September 1938 by Germany, Italy, Great Britain, and France, transferring the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia to Germany
46
Moscow Peace Treaty
March 1940 peace treaty between Finland and Soviet Union | concluding the Winter War
47
Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
Agreement concluded between Germany and Soviet Union in August 1939 dividing eastern Europe into separate spheres of influence; freed up Germany's military to concentrate on the invasion of Poland and subsequently France without fighting on two fronts; broken by Operation Barbarossa in 1941
48
Mein Kampf
Autobiography and political manifesto written by Adolf Hitler during his jail sentence following the Beer Hall Putsch
49
Manhattan Project
American government-sponsored research into the manufacture of an atomic bomb; resulted in the first successful detonation over Alamogordo in the Trinity Test; led by J. Robert Oppenheimer
50
Malayan Emergency
State of war against the Malayan Communist Party declared in 1948
51
Long Telegram
George Kennan’s telegram recommending an aggressive policy towards communist expansionism and predicting communism’s eventual collapse; inspired the Truman Doctrine
52
Lend-Lease
American aid to Allies during World War II, including war material and transport; crucially provided supplies to Soviet Union and China; passed in early 1941 and in effect until September 1945
53
Lateran Pact
1929 agreement between Mussolini and the Catholic Church giving Vatican independent city-state status and making Catholicism Italy’s official religion
54
Five Year Plans
Soviet Union economic plans setting production targets; first introduced in 1928 to launch collectivization
55
Executive Order 9066
February 1942 presidential order for internment of JapaneseAmericans on the west coast of the United States
56
Europe First
Agreement resulting from the March 1941 ABC-1 Conference that the United States would prioritize the defeat of Germany over the Pacific front
57
Essay on the Inequality of the | Human
1853 publication by Joseph Arthur, Comte de Gobineau that argued that race determined human development, with whites dominating over blacks and yellows
58
Enabling Act
1933 German legislation suspending the constitution for four years passed following the Reichstag fire
59
Destroyers for Bases
September 1940 agreement between Roosevelt and Churchill providing 50 American destroyers to Great Britain in exchange for American bases
60
Denazification
Allied program of removing Nazi influence from German | government after World War II
61
Cash-and-carry
American policy instituted under the 1937 Neutrality Act that allowed American firms and the government to sell war material on condition that they be paid in cash and not bear shipping costs
62
Atlantic Charter
Joint statement of aims by Churchill and Roosevelt issued in August 1941 with eight points including free trade, democracy, and international cooperation
63
Article 231
Clause in the Treaty of Versailles in which Germany accepted full responsibility for World War I
64
Article 1
Clause in the Treaty of Versailles chartering the League of Nations
65
Armistice
Agreement to end fighting; precedes a formal peace treaty
66
Anti-Comintern Pact
1936 agreement between Germany and Japan expanded to Italy in 1937
67
Allied Declaration on German Atrocities in Occupied Europe
November 1943 declaration of the Allies' intention to prosecute Nazi German officials after the war
68
Acerbo Law
1923 Italian legislation giving the largest political party two-thirds of parliamentary seats
69
1947 Treaty of Peace
Treaty with Italy removing it of all colonial possessions
70
ZZW
Jewish Military Union
71
ZOB
Jewish Fighting Organization
72
Zionist
Groups advocating for the formation of a Jewish state; promised Palestinian territory in Balfour’s 1917 letter
73
Wehrmacht
German military
74
Viet Minh
Independence fighters in Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh; resoundingly defeated France at Dien Bien Phu, forcing them to negotiate a resolution to the conflict
75
UN General Assembly
Voted November 29, 1947 to partition Palestine
76
Tokyo War Crimes Trial
Major tribunal held by the IMTFE from May 1946 to 1948
77
Sturmabteilung
S.A.
78
S.S.
Nazi German police overseeing the Einsatzgruppen and other Final Solution-related policies
79
Squadre d’Azione
Blackshirts
80
Sonderkommando
Jewish labor groups tasked with clearing gas chambers of corpses in extermination camps

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