Nutritional Pathology Flashcards
What are the fat-soluble vitamins?
Vitamins A, K, D, E
What is Vitamin B1?
Thiamine
What are the most common disorders associated with Vitamin D deficiency in children and adults, respectively?
Children - Rickets
Adults - Osteomalacia
True/False. Water-soluble vitamins are more toxic than fat-soluble vitamins at high doses.
False. Water-soluble vitamins are readily excretable in urine and toxicity is rare. Fat-soluble vitamins are more likely to be toxic.
What drugs can impair the absorption of folic acid?
Sulfonamides
What is Vitamin B12?
Cobalamin
Isoniazid, goat milk, and chronic alcohol use are associated with deficiency of what vitamin?
Pyridoxine (B6)
What factors are most associated with niacin deficiency?
Tryptophan deficiency, hartnup disease, chronic alcohol use, isoniazid
A patient who recently immigrated to the USA presents with muscle emaciation, little subcutaneous fat, and diarrhea. What is their diagnosis?
Marasmus
What hormone changes may be observed in a patient with anorexia nervosa?
Decreased LH, FSH, estrogen, & TH
What is Vitamin B6?
Pyridoxine
What is Vitamin C?
Ascorbic Acid
What are the signs of Vitamin A toxicity?
Headache, dizziness, vision changes, weight change, bone and joint pain
What vitamin is folic acid?
Vitamin B9
A 5yo patient presents with tibial bowing, rachitic rosary, and pectus carinatium. What is the likely diagnosis?
Rickets due to Vitamin D deficiency
True/False. Obesity is a form of malnutrition.
True
What clinical diseases are associated with thiamine deficiency?
Beriberi, Wernicke Encephalopathy, Wernicke-Korsakoff
Where is most Vitamin A stored in the body?
Liver
What vitamin plays a role in collagen synthesis?
Vitamin C
Kidney metabolism of Vitamin D is regulated by what three factors?
Hypocalcemia, hypophosphatemia, negative feedback
What symptoms are associated with Vitamin D toxicity?
Hypercalcemia, calcification
What vitamin deficiency is most common in the world?
Vitamin A
A pregnant woman gives birth to a fetus with neural tube defects. What vitamin was likely deficient during pregnancy?
Vitamin B9 - Folic Acid
What is the anti-obesity hormone produced by adipocytes?
Leptin
What is the difference between dry & wet beriberi?
Dry beriberi - neuropathy, weakness, muscle atrophy
Wet beriberi - edema, high cardiac output
A patient who recently immigrated to the USA presents with edema, a distended abdomen, and diarrhea. They also seem apathetic and express little emotion. What is their diagnosis?
Kwashiorkor
What is the function of retinol?
Vision, cell growth & differentiation, lipid metabolism
What vitamin deficiency is most common in the USA?
Vitamins D & B12
What distinguishes Wernicke-Korsakoff from Wernicke Encephalopathy?
Confusion and memory impairment in addition to neurological symptoms associated with Wernicke Encephalopathy
What are the clinical features of vitamin B6 deficiency?
Sideroblastic (microcytic) anemia, convulsions (esp. infants), neuropathy
Vitamin B3 is produced from what biological molecule?
Tryphtophan
NAD+ & NADP+ are derived with assistance from what vitamin?
Niacin (B3)
True/False. A patient with impaired renal function, but intact liver function will have no issues with Vitamin D absorption.
False. Vitamin D requires metabolism in both the liver and kidney. The kidney is responsible for producing the most active form of Vitamin D.
What vitamins serve as anti-oxidants?
Vitamins C & E
What is Vitamin A?
Retinol
Squamous metaplasia is most common due to what Vitamin deficiency?
Vitamin A
What vitamin is niacin?
Vitamin B3
What are the clinical features of Vitamin E deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia, neuropathy, ataxia
A malnourished patient presents with cheilosis and glossitis. What vitamin are they deficient in?
Riboflavin (B2)
You suspect a patient has normal folate levels, but is deficient in Vitamin B12. How can you confirm this?
Test blood for methylmalonic acid - high levels indicate only a B12 deficiency
FAD and FMN are generated from what vitamin?
Riboflavin (B2)
A patient presents with diarrhea, dementia, and dermatitis. You know they have a vitamin deficiency. What is the diagnosis and associated vitamin deficiency?
Pellagra - Vitamin B3
What is Vitamin B2?
Riboflavin
What disease is associated with Vitamin C deficiency?
Scurvy
Who is most at risk for Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Vegans & people with IF deficiencies
What Vitamin functions to maintain plasma levels of calcium and phosphorous?
Vitamin D
How do Marasmus and Kwashiorkor differ in terms of deficiency?
Marasmus is a caloric deficiency. Kwashiorkor is a protein deficiency, with appropriate caloric intake.
What are three types of secondary malnutrition?
Cancer cachexia, anorexia nervosa, bulimia
What is the clinical presentation of folic acid deficiency in adults?
Megaloblastic anemia - this is also a feature of B12 deficiency
What coagulation factors are dependent upon Vitamin K?
Prothrombin (II), VII, IX, X, protein C, protein S
A patient is found to have high homocysteine levels in the blood. What does this say about the patient’s folate and B12 levels?
Both folate & B12 are deficient
