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Pathology 2 > Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary Malnutrition

A

Dietary intake of nutrients is adequate, malnutrition results from malabsorption, impaired utilization or storage, excess losses, or increased requirements

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2
Q

__ deficiency in infants fed exclusively artificial milk diets

A

Iron

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3
Q

2 cancers particularly attributable to obesity

A

Endometrial Cancer, Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

3 Main functions of Vitamin A

A

(1) Vision in reduced light; (2) Differentiation of mucus-secreting epithelial cells; (3) Enhancing immunity to infections

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5
Q

4 Actions of Vit D

A

(1) Stimulate intestinal absorption of Calcium; (2) Stimulate Calcium reabsorption in renal distal tubules; (3) Collaborates w/ PTH to regulate calcium; (4) Promotes mineralization of bone

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6
Q

Action of NPY/AgRP

A

Promote food intake and weight gain

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7
Q

Action of POMC/CART

A

Activate efferent neurons that enhance energy expenditure and weight loss

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8
Q

Adiponectin

A

Anti-inflammatory cytokine produced exclusively by adipocytes

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9
Q

Adiponectin enhances

A

insulin sensitivity

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10
Q

Aflatoxin cuases specific mutations in

A

p53

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11
Q

Aflotoxin

A

Important factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma; Causes mutation in p53 genes

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12
Q

Amenorrhea is almost a Dx feature of what?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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13
Q

Anemia in Marasmus/Kwashiorkor

A

Decreased red cell prescursors; Hypochromatic, microcytic anemia

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14
Q

Arcuate Nucleus in Hypothalamus

A

Processes and integrates peripheral signals in hunger homeostasis

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15
Q

Basic derangement in both rickets and osteomalacia

A

Excess of Unmineralized bone matrix

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16
Q

Beriberi, Wernicke, Korsakoff

A

Vit B1 (Thiamine)

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17
Q

Bleeding diathesis

A

Vit K

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18
Q

BMI for Morbid obesity

A

greater than 40

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19
Q

BMI for normal weight

A

18.5 to 24.9

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20
Q

BMI for Obesity

A

greater than 30

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21
Q

BMI for overweight

A

25 to 29.9

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22
Q

bone pain and hypercalcemia

A

In adults, hypervitaminosis D causes

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23
Q

Deficiency syndromes of Vit B1 (Thiamine)

A

Beriberi, Wernicke, Korsakoff

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24
Q

Deficincy Syndrome of Folate

A

Megaloblastic Anemia, Neural Tube Defects

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25
Eccentric thickening w/ loose atheroma containing cholesterol clefts and a fibrous cap
Athersclerosis
26
Enzymes elevated in Acute Pancreatitis
Amylase and Lipase
27
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
28
Frontal Bossing and Squared appearance of head
Vit D deficiency
29
Function of Vit E
Major Anti-oxidant
30
Goiter and Hypothyroidism
Iodine
31
Hallmark anatomic changes in PEM
(1) Growth failure; (2) Peripheral edema in Kwash; (3) Loss of body fat and atrophy of muscle, more in Marasmus
32
High animal fat and low fiber intake has been implicated in causation of
Colon Cancer
33
High fat intake increases level of what
Bile, changing gut environment
34
How are signals from Arcuate Nucleus transmitted
(1) POMC/CART; (2) NPY/AgRP
35
How does Leptin exert effects
Reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART neurons and inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons
36
Hypochromic, microcytic anemia
Iron deficiency
37
In adults, hypervitaminosis D causes
bone pain and hypercalcemia
38
In children, hypervitaminosis D may take the form of
metastatic calcifications of soft tissues such as kidney
39
Insuilin Resistance results in accumulation of TG's in hepatocytes by 3 mechanisms:
(1) Imparied oxidation of FA's; (2) Increased synthesis and uptake of FA's; (3) Decreased hepatic secretion of VLDL cholesterol
40
Liver in Kwashiorkor
Fatty and enlarged; Cirrhosis is rare
41
Location of Alpha1-Hydroxylase
Kidney
42
Main Complications of Bulimea
(1) Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia); (2) Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents; (3) Esophageal and stomach rupture
43
Main components of Afferent Hunger System
Leptin and Adiponectin, Insulin, Ghrelin, and Peptide YY
44
Main function of Vit D
Maintenance of normal plasma levels of Calcium and Phosphorus
45
Major complication of Anorexia Nervosa
Increased susceptibility to Cardiac Arrhythmia and sudden death, both due to HypoKalemia
46
Major source of Vit D
Endogenous production in skin
47
Marasmus vs Kwarshiorkor: Both protein and total cals deficient
Marasmus
48
Marasmus vs Kwarshiorkor: Immune deficiency, particularly T cell-mediated
Both
49
Marasmus vs Kwarshiorkor: Just protein deficient
Kwashiorkor
50
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Characteristic skin lesions
Kwashiorkor
51
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Decreased mitotic index in crypts of small bowel
Kwashiorkor
52
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Emaciated extremities
Marasmus
53
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Fatty liver
Kwashiorkor
54
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Generalized edema
Kwashiorkor
55
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Hair changes
Kwashiorkor
56
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Normal Albumin
Marasmus
57
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Somatic compartment more affected?
Marasmus
58
Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Visceral compartment effected
Kwashiorkor
59
Megaloblastic Anemia, Neural tube defects
Folate
60
Melanocortin receptor 4
Mutations found in 4-5% of patients with massive obesity
61
Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated levels of
CRP, IL-1, -6, -18, TNF and PAI-1
62
Metabolic Syndrome is defined as
having 2 of the following: Obesity, Insulin resistance, Dyslipidemia, HTN
63
metastatic calcifications of soft tissues such as kidney
In children, hypervitaminosis D may take the form of
64
Most clearly established function of Vit C
Activation of Prolyl and Lysyl Hydroxylases for hydroxylation of pro-collagen
65
Net effect of Leptin
Reduce food intake and enhance expenditure of energy
66
Niacin Deficiency
Pellagra: Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea
67
Nitrosamines and Nitrosamides are suspected to
generat gastric carcinomas
68
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can progress to
Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
69
Obese BMI for asians
greater than 25
70
One of the earliest manifestations of Vit A deficiency
Impaired vision, particularly in reduced light
71
Only known gut peptide that increases food intake
Ghrelin
72
Only significant pathway for elimination of excess cholesterol
Bile formation
73
Output of Leptin is regulated by
Adequacy of fat stores
74
Overweight BMI for asians
23 - 24.9
75
Pellagra
Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea (Niacin deficiency)
76
Pellagra results from deficiency of
Niacin
77
Peptide YY
Released from Ileum and Colon; Satiety signal
78
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is highest in
Native Americans and Hispanics
79
Prominent manifestation of Vit A deficiency (epithelial diff)
Xeropthalmia (dry eye)
80
Risk factors for Cholelithiasis
Female, 40s, Fertile, Fat
81
Small Bowel in Kwashiorkor
Decreased mitotic index in crypts --> Loss of SI enzymes
82
Spinocerebellar degeneration
Vit E
83
Supplementation with what in Measles reduces mortality and complications
Vitamin A
84
Symptoms of Vit A toxicity resemble
Brain tumor
85
T/F: The total number of adipocytes is established by adolescence
TRUE
86
Vit C deficieny in children
Bone Disease, Hemorrhages, and Healing Defects
87
Vit D Toxicity in Adults
Bone pain and hypercalcemia
88
Vit D Toxicity in Children
Metastatic Calcifications of soft tissues such as kidney
89
Vitamin deficiency that can cause tetany
Vit D (calcium homeostasis)
90
Vulnerability to infection, particulary measles
Vit A deficiency
91
What causes Xeropthalmia in Vit A deficiency?
Normal lacrymal and mucus-secreting epithelium is replaced by keratinized epithelium
92
What processes and integrates peripheral signals in hunger homeostasis
Arcuate Nucleus in Hypothalamus
93
When cholesterol concentrations exceed solubilizing capacity of bile
Crystallizes out of solution to form gall stone
94
When is Raynaud not benign
Scleroderma
95
Where does 1,25-(OH)2-D exert its effects
high-affinity nuclear receptors
96
Where is Vit D converted to most biologically active form
Kidney (alpha1-hydroxylase)
97
Which Vit deficiency produces Xeropthalmia
Vit A

Pathology 2 (9 decks)

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