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Pathology 2 > Nutritional Diseases > Flashcards

Nutritional Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Secondary Malnutrition

A

Dietary intake of nutrients is adequate, malnutrition results from malabsorption, impaired utilization or storage, excess losses, or increased requirements

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2
Q

__ deficiency in infants fed exclusively artificial milk diets

A

Iron

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3
Q

2 cancers particularly attributable to obesity

A

Endometrial Cancer, Esophageal Adenocarcinoma

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4
Q

3 Main functions of Vitamin A

A

(1) Vision in reduced light; (2) Differentiation of mucus-secreting epithelial cells; (3) Enhancing immunity to infections

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5
Q

4 Actions of Vit D

A

(1) Stimulate intestinal absorption of Calcium; (2) Stimulate Calcium reabsorption in renal distal tubules; (3) Collaborates w/ PTH to regulate calcium; (4) Promotes mineralization of bone

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6
Q

Action of NPY/AgRP

A

Promote food intake and weight gain

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7
Q

Action of POMC/CART

A

Activate efferent neurons that enhance energy expenditure and weight loss

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8
Q

Adiponectin

A

Anti-inflammatory cytokine produced exclusively by adipocytes

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9
Q

Adiponectin enhances

A

insulin sensitivity

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10
Q

Aflatoxin cuases specific mutations in

A

p53

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11
Q

Aflotoxin

A

Important factor in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma; Causes mutation in p53 genes

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12
Q

Amenorrhea is almost a Dx feature of what?

A

Anorexia Nervosa

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13
Q

Anemia in Marasmus/Kwashiorkor

A

Decreased red cell prescursors; Hypochromatic, microcytic anemia

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14
Q

Arcuate Nucleus in Hypothalamus

A

Processes and integrates peripheral signals in hunger homeostasis

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15
Q

Basic derangement in both rickets and osteomalacia

A

Excess of Unmineralized bone matrix

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16
Q

Beriberi, Wernicke, Korsakoff

A

Vit B1 (Thiamine)

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17
Q

Bleeding diathesis

A

Vit K

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18
Q

BMI for Morbid obesity

A

greater than 40

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19
Q

BMI for normal weight

A

18.5 to 24.9

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20
Q

BMI for Obesity

A

greater than 30

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21
Q

BMI for overweight

A

25 to 29.9

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22
Q

bone pain and hypercalcemia

A

In adults, hypervitaminosis D causes

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23
Q

Deficiency syndromes of Vit B1 (Thiamine)

A

Beriberi, Wernicke, Korsakoff

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24
Q

Deficincy Syndrome of Folate

A

Megaloblastic Anemia, Neural Tube Defects

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25
Q

Eccentric thickening w/ loose atheroma containing cholesterol clefts and a fibrous cap

A

Athersclerosis

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26
Q

Enzymes elevated in Acute Pancreatitis

A

Amylase and Lipase

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27
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A, D, E, K

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28
Q

Frontal Bossing and Squared appearance of head

A

Vit D deficiency

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29
Q

Function of Vit E

A

Major Anti-oxidant

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30
Q

Goiter and Hypothyroidism

A

Iodine

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31
Q

Hallmark anatomic changes in PEM

A

(1) Growth failure; (2) Peripheral edema in Kwash; (3) Loss of body fat and atrophy of muscle, more in Marasmus

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32
Q

High animal fat and low fiber intake has been implicated in causation of

A

Colon Cancer

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33
Q

High fat intake increases level of what

A

Bile, changing gut environment

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34
Q

How are signals from Arcuate Nucleus transmitted

A

(1) POMC/CART; (2) NPY/AgRP

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35
Q

How does Leptin exert effects

A

Reduces food intake by stimulating POMC/CART neurons and inhibiting NPY/AgRP neurons

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36
Q

Hypochromic, microcytic anemia

A

Iron deficiency

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37
Q

In adults, hypervitaminosis D causes

A

bone pain and hypercalcemia

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38
Q

In children, hypervitaminosis D may take the form of

A

metastatic calcifications of soft tissues such as kidney

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39
Q

Insuilin Resistance results in accumulation of TG’s in hepatocytes by 3 mechanisms:

A

(1) Imparied oxidation of FA’s; (2) Increased synthesis and uptake of FA’s; (3) Decreased hepatic secretion of VLDL cholesterol

40
Q

Liver in Kwashiorkor

A

Fatty and enlarged; Cirrhosis is rare

41
Q

Location of Alpha1-Hydroxylase

A

Kidney

42
Q

Main Complications of Bulimea

A

(1) Electrolyte imbalance (hypokalemia); (2) Pulmonary aspiration of gastric contents; (3) Esophageal and stomach rupture

43
Q

Main components of Afferent Hunger System

A

Leptin and Adiponectin, Insulin, Ghrelin, and Peptide YY

44
Q

Main function of Vit D

A

Maintenance of normal plasma levels of Calcium and Phosphorus

45
Q

Major complication of Anorexia Nervosa

A

Increased susceptibility to Cardiac Arrhythmia and sudden death, both due to HypoKalemia

46
Q

Major source of Vit D

A

Endogenous production in skin

47
Q

Marasmus vs Kwarshiorkor: Both protein and total cals deficient

A

Marasmus

48
Q

Marasmus vs Kwarshiorkor: Immune deficiency, particularly T cell-mediated

A

Both

49
Q

Marasmus vs Kwarshiorkor: Just protein deficient

A

Kwashiorkor

50
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Characteristic skin lesions

A

Kwashiorkor

51
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Decreased mitotic index in crypts of small bowel

A

Kwashiorkor

52
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Emaciated extremities

A

Marasmus

53
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Fatty liver

A

Kwashiorkor

54
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Generalized edema

A

Kwashiorkor

55
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Hair changes

A

Kwashiorkor

56
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Normal Albumin

A

Marasmus

57
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Somatic compartment more affected?

A

Marasmus

58
Q

Marasmus vs Kwashiorkor: Visceral compartment effected

A

Kwashiorkor

59
Q

Megaloblastic Anemia, Neural tube defects

A

Folate

60
Q

Melanocortin receptor 4

A

Mutations found in 4-5% of patients with massive obesity

61
Q

Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated levels of

A

CRP, IL-1, -6, -18, TNF and PAI-1

62
Q

Metabolic Syndrome is defined as

A

having 2 of the following: Obesity, Insulin resistance, Dyslipidemia, HTN

63
Q

metastatic calcifications of soft tissues such as kidney

A

In children, hypervitaminosis D may take the form of

64
Q

Most clearly established function of Vit C

A

Activation of Prolyl and Lysyl Hydroxylases for hydroxylation of pro-collagen

65
Q

Net effect of Leptin

A

Reduce food intake and enhance expenditure of energy

66
Q

Niacin Deficiency

A

Pellagra: Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea

67
Q

Nitrosamines and Nitrosamides are suspected to

A

generat gastric carcinomas

68
Q

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis can progress to

A

Fibrosis and Cirrhosis

69
Q

Obese BMI for asians

A

greater than 25

70
Q

One of the earliest manifestations of Vit A deficiency

A

Impaired vision, particularly in reduced light

71
Q

Only known gut peptide that increases food intake

A

Ghrelin

72
Q

Only significant pathway for elimination of excess cholesterol

A

Bile formation

73
Q

Output of Leptin is regulated by

A

Adequacy of fat stores

74
Q

Overweight BMI for asians

A

23 - 24.9

75
Q

Pellagra

A

Dementia, Dermatitis, Diarrhea (Niacin deficiency)

76
Q

Pellagra results from deficiency of

A

Niacin

77
Q

Peptide YY

A

Released from Ileum and Colon; Satiety signal

78
Q

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is highest in

A

Native Americans and Hispanics

79
Q

Prominent manifestation of Vit A deficiency (epithelial diff)

A

Xeropthalmia (dry eye)

80
Q

Risk factors for Cholelithiasis

A

Female, 40s, Fertile, Fat

81
Q

Small Bowel in Kwashiorkor

A

Decreased mitotic index in crypts –> Loss of SI enzymes

82
Q

Spinocerebellar degeneration

A

Vit E

83
Q

Supplementation with what in Measles reduces mortality and complications

A

Vitamin A

84
Q

Symptoms of Vit A toxicity resemble

A

Brain tumor

85
Q

T/F: The total number of adipocytes is established by adolescence

A

TRUE

86
Q

Vit C deficieny in children

A

Bone Disease, Hemorrhages, and Healing Defects

87
Q

Vit D Toxicity in Adults

A

Bone pain and hypercalcemia

88
Q

Vit D Toxicity in Children

A

Metastatic Calcifications of soft tissues such as kidney

89
Q

Vitamin deficiency that can cause tetany

A

Vit D (calcium homeostasis)

90
Q

Vulnerability to infection, particulary measles

A

Vit A deficiency

91
Q

What causes Xeropthalmia in Vit A deficiency?

A

Normal lacrymal and mucus-secreting epithelium is replaced by keratinized epithelium

92
Q

What processes and integrates peripheral signals in hunger homeostasis

A

Arcuate Nucleus in Hypothalamus

93
Q

When cholesterol concentrations exceed solubilizing capacity of bile

A

Crystallizes out of solution to form gall stone

94
Q

When is Raynaud not benign

A

Scleroderma

95
Q

Where does 1,25-(OH)2-D exert its effects

A

high-affinity nuclear receptors

96
Q

Where is Vit D converted to most biologically active form

A

Kidney (alpha1-hydroxylase)

97
Q

Which Vit deficiency produces Xeropthalmia

A

Vit A

Pathology 2 (9 decks)

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