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Pathology 2 > Cancer 2 (02.25) > Flashcards

Cancer 2 (02.25) Flashcards

1
Q

Predominant cause of most sporadic cancers

A

Environmental factors

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2
Q

2 functions of beta-catenin

A

Binds E-Cadherin; Activate cell proliferation in nucleus via WNT signaling pathway

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3
Q

3 disorders involving defects in homologous recombination repair

A

Bloom Syndrome, Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Falconi Anemia

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4
Q

3 leading causes of cancer death

A

Carcinomas of Lung, Colon, and Breast

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5
Q

3 members of BH3-only proteins

A

BAD, BID, and PUMA

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6
Q

4 key regulators of the cell cycle

A

CDKN2A, Cyclin D, CDK4, Rb

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7
Q

Action of APC gene

A

Cytoplasmic protein whose dominant function is to regulate intracellular levels of beta-catenin

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8
Q

Action of ATM

A

Protein kinase that, when activated, releases p53 from MDM2

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9
Q

Action of BH3-only proteins

A

Regulate balance between pro- and anti-apoptotic members of BCL2 family

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10
Q

Action of Caspase-3

A

Executioner caspase: Cleaves DNA and other substrates

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11
Q

Action of CDKN1A (p21)

A

Inhibits cyclin-CDK complexes –> Prevents activation of Rb –> Arrests cells in G1 phase

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12
Q

Action of Cytochrome C

A

Binds APAF-1 and activates Caspase-9

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13
Q

Action of Destruction complex containing APC

A

Degrade cytoplasmic beta-catenin –> Inhibit WNT signaling

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14
Q

Action of FLIP

A

Bind death-inducing signaling complex and prevent activation of caspase-8

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15
Q

Action of HPV E7 protein

A

binds to hypophosphorylated Rb, preventing it from inhibiting E2F transcription factors

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16
Q

Action of hypophosphorylated Rb

A

Inhibits E2F family of transcription factors –> preventing transcription of Cycline E –> Prevent dna replication

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17
Q

Action of MDM2

A

Associates with p53, targets for destruction

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18
Q

Action of NF2 (merlin)

A

Facilitates E-cadherin mediated contact inhibiton

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19
Q

Action of VHL

A

Binds HIF-1 in normoxic environment for destruction

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20
Q

Activation of __ drives transcription of CDKN1A (p21)

A

p53

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21
Q

Almost all cancers have a disabled

A

G1 checkpoint (RB, CycD, CDK4, CDKN2A)

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22
Q

Anti-apoptotic members of BCL2 family

A

BCL2 and BCL-XL

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23
Q

APC is what type of gene

A

tumor suppressor

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24
Q

Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome: APC

A

Familial Adenomatous Polyposis/Colon Cancer

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25
Q

Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome: MEN1, RET

A

Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 and 2

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26
Q

Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome: MSH2, MLH1, MSH6

A

Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colon Cancer

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27
Q

Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome: p16INK4A

A

Melanoma

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28
Q

Autosomal dominant cancer syndrome: PATCH

A

Nevoid Basal Cell Carcinoma Syndrome

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29
Q

Autosomal dominant hereditary cancer syndromes are typically a mutation of a

A

Tumor suppresor gene

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30
Q

Autosomal recessive hereditary cancer syndromes are typically a mutation of

A

DNA repair

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31
Q

Autosomal Recessive Syndromes of Defective DNA Repair

A

Xeroderma Pigmentosa, Ataxia-Telangiectasia, Bloom Syndrome, Fanconi Anemia

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32
Q

Beta-catenin is an important component of the ___ pathway

A

WNT signaling

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33
Q

BRCA1/2 are often inactivated in sporadic cancers

A

FALSE

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34
Q

BRCA1/2 seem to function in __ pathway

A

homologous recombination DNA repair

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35
Q

BRCA2 was shown to bind to ___

A

RAD51, a protein required for homologous recombination

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36
Q

Cardinal feature of NF1-associated tumors

A

Ras hyperactivity

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37
Q

CDKN2A is seen in 75% of

A

Pancreatic carcinomas

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38
Q

CDKN2A should make you think

A

(1) Pancreatic carcinoma; (2) GBM

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39
Q

Cells that lack BRCA1/2 develop

A

chromosomal breaks and severe aneuploidy

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40
Q

Characteristic finding in genome of patients with mismatch repair defects

A

Microsatellite Instability (MSI)

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41
Q

Checkpoint mediated by Rb

A

G1-S

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42
Q

Clear cytoplasm in squamous epithelium due to glycogen is a sign of

A

maturation

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43
Q

Clear cytoplasm in squamous epithelium is due to

A

Glycogen

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44
Q

Cytoplasmic portion of E-Cadherin binds

A

Beta-Catenin

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45
Q

Cytoplasmic protein whose dominant function is to regulate intracellular levels of beta-catenin

A

Action of APC gene

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46
Q

E-cadherin mediates

A

cell-cell contact in epithelial layers

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47
Q

Endometrial hyperplasia and dysplasia is a risk factor for

A

Endometrial Carcinoma

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48
Q

Facilitates E-cadherin mediated contact inhibiton

A

Action of NF2 (merlin)

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49
Q

Features that characterize familial cancers

A

(1) Early age at onset; (2) Tumors arising in 1 or more close relatives; (3) Multiple or Bilateral Tumors

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50
Q

Function of ATM

A

Protein Kinase important in recognizing DNA damage by ionizing radiation and initiating p53 activation

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51
Q

Function of Beclin-1

A

Induces autophagy; member of BH3 family

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52
Q

Function of MMP-9 in cancer

A

Cleaves Type IV Collagen; Stimulates release of VEGF from ECM-sequesterd pools

53
Q

Function of SNAIL and TWIST transcription factors in extravisation

A

Suppress E-cadherin

54
Q

Function of TSP-1

A

Prototypical angiogenesis inhibitor

55
Q

Gap1 (G1) is between

A

Mitosis and DNA replication (S)

56
Q

Gap2 (G2) is between

A

DNA replication (S) and Mitosis

57
Q

Glucose carbone use is achieved by

A

shunting pyruvate toward the biosynthetic pathways at the expense of ox phos and ATP generation

58
Q

Hereditary Breast Cancer Syndromes are what percent of breast cancers

A

5%

59
Q

HNPCC syndrome results from

A

defects in genes involved in DNA mismatch repair

60
Q

How are cell-cell contacts lost?

A

Inactivation of E-cadherin

61
Q

How are tumor cell “loosened”?

A

Inactivation of E-cadherin which holds cells together

62
Q

How do BH3-only molecules affect apoptosis

A

Activate by tilting balance in favor of pro-apoptotic molecules

63
Q

How do cancers inactivate E-cadherin

A

(1) Mutation; (2) Activation of beta-catenin; (3) Inappropriate SNAIL or TWIST expression

64
Q

How do endothelial cells affect tumor growth

A

Secrete growth factors: ILGF, PDGF, GM-CSF

65
Q

How does E-Cadherin transmit antigrowth signals

A

Sequestering Beta-catenin

66
Q

How is the extrinsic (death receptor) pathway initiated

A

TNF receptor, such as CD95 (Fas), is bound to its ligand CD95L, leading to trimerization of receptor and cytoplasmic death domains, which attract FADD

67
Q

How is tumor vasculature abnormal

A

Vessels are leaky and dilated; Haphazard pattern of connection

68
Q

How it beta-catenin activated

A

APC destruction complex is disbanded, allowing beta-catenin to translocate to nucleus

69
Q

Importance of hereditary influence on cancers?

A

Subtle and sometimes indirect (5-10%)

70
Q

In 100% of pancreatic cancers and 83% of colon cancers, a least one component of the __ pathway is mutated

A

TGF-Beta

71
Q

In 85% of follicular B cell lymphomas, __ is activated by translocation

A

BCL-2 (anti-apoptotic)

72
Q

In many late-stage tumors, TGF-beta signaling activates

A

epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition

73
Q

In most normal cells, TGF-Beta is a

A

potent inhibitor of proliferation

74
Q

In what pathway is SMAD4 involved

A

TGF-Beta anti-proliferative pathway

75
Q

Leukoplakia of the oral cavity, vulva, or penis may progress to

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

76
Q

Level of beta-catenin in quiescent cells

A

Degraded by a destruction complex, of which APC is an integral part

77
Q

Location of Rb gene

A

13q14

78
Q

Maximum distance that nutrients can diffuse from blood vessels

A

1-2 mm

79
Q

miRNAs activated by p53 inhibit translation of

A

pro-proliferative (cyclins) and anti-apoptotic genes (BCL2)

80
Q

More than 70% of human cancers have defect in

A

TP53

81
Q

Most cancer deaths occur between what ages

A

55-75

82
Q

MSI can be detected in __ of sporadic cancers

A

15%

83
Q

Mutaion in APC allows

A

beta-catenin to translocate to nucleus –> Proliferation

84
Q

Mutation inactivation of SMAD genes

A

No TGF-beta signaling –> Proliferation

85
Q

Mutational activation of CDK4 or overexpression of Cycline D mimics

A

Rb mutational inactivation –> Escape from checkpoint

86
Q

Mutational inactivation of CDKIs would

A

drive cell cycle by unregulated activation of cyclins and CDKs

87
Q

Neurofibromin is a negative regulator of

A

Ras

88
Q

Once a cell cross the __ checkpoint, it is obligated to complete mitosis

A

G1

89
Q

p53-mediated cell cycle arrest is caused mainly by

A

transcription of CDKN1A (p21)

90
Q

Pallisading necrosis should make you think

A

GBM

91
Q

Pap smear: Less cytoplams, more nuclei =

A

High grade

92
Q

Patients w/ Xeroderma Pigmentosa are unable to repair __ after UV

A

Pyrimidine dimers

93
Q

Patients with familial retinoblastoma are also at increased risk for

A

Osteosarcomas and soft tissue sarcomas

94
Q

Primary function of SNAIL and TWIST

A

Promote EMT (downregulate E-cadherin)

95
Q

Primary source of carbons used for synthesis of lipids in dividing cancer cells

A

Glucose

96
Q

Pro-apoptotic members of BCL2 family

A

BAX and BAK

97
Q

Prototypical angiogenesis inhibitor

A

TSP-1

98
Q

Recommended treatment for paitent with hereditary breast and ovarian cancer syndrome

A

Bilateral mastectomies and Salpingo-oophorectomies

99
Q

Relation of p53 to angiogenesis

A

Induces synthesis of TSP-1, an angiogenesis inhibitor

100
Q

Role of BCL2 overactivation in cancer

A

Anti-apoptotic

101
Q

Somatic loss of both alleles of APC gene is seen in

A

70% of sporadic colon cancers

102
Q

T/F: Benign tumors are generally considered precancerous

A

FALSE, some exceptions

103
Q

T/F: E-cadherin function is amplified in almost all tumors

A

False, lost

104
Q

T/F: Familial cancers are associated with specific marker phenotypes

A

FALSE

105
Q

T/F: Most preneoplastic lesions develop into cancer

A

FALSE

106
Q

The expression of Cyclin E is dependent on

A

the E2F family of transcription factors

107
Q

The geographic variation of cancer incidence results mostly from

A

Different Environmental Exposures

108
Q

The initiation of DNA replication requires activity of

A

Cyclin E/CDK2 complexes

109
Q

Type of DNA repair defective in Xeroderma Pigmentosa

A

Nucleotide Excision Repair

110
Q

Upregulation of PDGF-PDGF receptor occurs in

A

brain tumors

111
Q

VEGF also increases expression of ligands that activate

A

Notch signaling pathway –> Regulates branching and density of new vessels

112
Q

Villous Adenomas may progress to

A

Colorectal Carcinoma

113
Q

What do Angiostatin, Endostatin, and Vasculostatin have in common

A

potent angiogenesis inhibitors

114
Q

What does FADD recruit in extrinsic pathway

A

Procaspase-8 –> Caspase-8 –> Caspase-3

115
Q

What happens to HIF-1 in hypoxic setting

A

Not bound by VHL, translocates to nucleus to activate VEGF

116
Q

What happens to HIF-1 in normoxic setting

A

Bound by VHL and destroyed

117
Q

What induces synthesis of TSP-1

A

normal p53

118
Q

What inhibits E2F family of transcription factors

A

Hypophosphorylated Rb

119
Q

What is most important regulation of Rb

A

G1/S Checkpoint

120
Q

What percentage of retinoblastomas are sporadic

A

60%

121
Q

What phosphorylates Rb

A

Growth factors –> CyclinD/CDK4/6 –> Phosphorylate Rb

122
Q

What produces TSP-1

A

Stromal Fibroblasts

123
Q

What releases growth factors from Ecm and generates chemotactic and angiogenic fragments from cleavage of ECM glycoproteins

A

Proteolytic Enzymes

124
Q

Which Cyclin stimulates Dna replication

A

Cyclin E (inhibited by hypophosphorylated Rb)

125
Q

Which is more fata, lung or breast cancer?

A

Lung

126
Q

Which is more fatal, lung or prostate cancer?

A

Lung

127
Q

Which pathway involves Caspase-9

A

Intrinsic

128
Q

Why is VHL a tumor suppressor

A

Binds and degrades HIF-1, preventing VEGF transcription and neovascularization

129
Q

With loss of APC, __ degradation is prevented

A

beta-catenin –> WNT signaling activated

Pathology 2 (9 decks)

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