Environmental Diseases Flashcards
1
Q
Air pollution particles of what size tend to be most harmful
A
Less than 10 um, carried all the way to alveoli
2
Q
3 Enzymes that metabolize alcohol to acetaldehyde in liver
A
Alcohol DH, CYP450, Catalase
3
Q
3 Main Carcinogens of Cigarrette smoke
A
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Nitrosamines, Aromatic Amines
4
Q
Abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces due to destruction of walls b/t alveoli
A
Pulmonary emphysema
5
Q
Acetominophen is metabolized to __ by p450
A
NAPQI
6
Q
Acute neutrophilic inflammation + Steatosis =
A
Steatohepatitis
7
Q
Adverse effects of HRT
A
Endometrial and Breast Cancers, Thromboembolism
8
Q
Adverse hematologic effect of lead
A
Inhibits heme synthesis and iron incorporation into hemoglobin –> Anemia; ATPase dysfunction –> Hemolysis
9
Q
Alcohol oxidation by Alcohol DH causes
A
decrease in NAD+ and increase in NADH –> Fatty Liver
10
Q
Antidote of Acetominophen toxicity
A
N-Acetylcysteine –> Restores GSH
11
Q
Aspirin overdose
A
Respiratory alkalosis, then metabolic acidosis that proves fatal
12
Q
At light microscope level, ___ are prominent in irradiated tissues
A
Vascular changes and interstitial fibrosis
13
Q
Basophilic stippling is a result of
A
Clumped Ribosomes from Lead Poisoning
14
Q
Blood changes: Microcystic, hypochromic anemia with punctate basophilic stippling of red cells
A
Earliest signs of lead accumulation
15
Q
BPA’s are potential __ disruptors
A
endocrine
16
Q
Brain after longer survival of CO poisoning
A
Slightly edematous and exhibits punctate hemorrhages and hypoxia-induced neuronal changes
17
Q
Burns can lead to what kind of shock
A
Hypovolemic Shock
18
Q
Cancers caused by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
A
Lung and Bladder
19
Q
Chronic Cocaine Use
A
Dilated Cardiomyopathy
20
Q
Chronic exposure to Arsenic causes
A
Hyperpigmentation and Hyperkeratosis of the skin –> Skin and Lung Cancers
21
Q
Clinical presentation of Lead Poisoning
A
Neurologic changes in children, Unexplained anemia with basophilic stippling in red cells
22
Q
Coal dust, silica, asbestos, and beryllium are all
A
mineral dusts
23
Q
Component of cigarrettes that causes most of the CV harm
A
Nicotine
24
Q
CYP isoform involved in alcohol metabolism
A
CYP2E1
25
Dioxins and PCBs can cause
skin disoders such as folliculitis and choracne
26
Direct effects of hypothermia are mediated by
Physical disruptions w/in cells
27
Dx confirmation of Lead Poisoning
(1) Elevated blood lead; (2) Elevated red cell free protoporphyrin or zinc-protoporphyrin levels
28
Earliest signs of lead accumulation
Blood changes: Microcystic, hypochromic anemia with punctate basophilic stippling of red cells
29
Elevated Zinc-Protoporphyrin
Formed instead of Heme in Lead Poisoning
30
Emphysema can be thought of as resulting from
Inadequate wound repair
31
Energy of nonionizing radiation is not sufficient to
displace electrons from atoms
32
Equivalent dose corresponds to
absorbed dose multiplied by relative biologic effectiveness of radiation
33
Excess Cadmium can causes
Obstructive lung disease and Kidney damage
34
Excess lead interferes with
Normal remodeling of calcified cartilage, and primary bone trabeculae --> Increased bone density
35
Excess NAPQI leads to
Centrilobular Hepatic Necrosis
36
Excretion of lead
Kidneys, can cause damage acutely
37
Exposure to high levels of mercur in utero --> Cerebral Palsy, Deafness, Blindness
Minamata Disease
38
Fetal effects of cocaine
Decreased blood flow to fetus; CNS
39
Formed instead of Heme in Lead Poisoning
Elevated Zinc-Protoporphyrin
40
Generalized cherry red color of skin and mucous membranes
Manifestation of CO poisoning
41
Genetic disease causing excess iron absorption and injurious accumulation in hepatocytes and other cells
Hemochromatosis
42
Gram Positive Cocci in pairs
Pneumococcal pneumonia
43
Gray is a unit that expresses
energy absorbed by target tissue
44
Gros of partial-thickness burns
Pink or mottled, blistered and painful
45
Gross of full-thickness burns
White, charred, dry
46
Heat exhaustion results from
failure of CV system to compensate for hypovolemia (water depletion)
47
Heat stroke is a result of
themoregulatory system failure
48
Hemochromatosis
Genetic disease causing excess iron absorption and injurious accumulation in hepatocytes and other cells
49
How do cocain produce Myocardial Ischemia
Coronary Artery Vasoconstriction, Platelet aggregation
50
How do you detect CO poisoning
High levels of Carboxyhemoglobin in blood
51
How is most Acetominophen conjugated
In liver with Glucuronide or Sulfate
52
HRT increase risk of
Endometrial and Breast Cancers, Thromboembolism
53
HRT, with or w/out progestins, increases risk of
Thromboembolism
54
Hyperpigmentation and Hyperkeratosis of the skin
Chronic exposure to Arsenic causes
55
In burns, there is a shift of body fluid into
interstitial compartments
56
Indirect effects of hypthermia are the result of
circulatory changes
57
Inhalation of mineral dusts can cause
chronic, non-neoplastic lung diseases called pneumoconioses
58
Ionizing radition has sufficient energy to
remove tightly bound electrons
59
Kidney Damage in Lead Poisoning
Proximal tubular damage; Chronic leads to interstitial fibrosis and findings suggestive of gout
60
Large quantities of Arsenic acutely cause
GI, CV, and CNS disturbances
61
Large, light-colored lipid-rich wall thickening
Atherosclerosis
62
Lead Lines in Bone
Increased bone density in the primary bone trabeculae of children
63
Lead Lines in Gums
Excess lead stimulates hyperpigmentation
64
Leading cause of death in burned patients
Organ system failure from sepsis
65
Liver injuries from chronic alcoholism
Fatty Liver, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis
66
Mac's in Resp Bronchiolitis
Loaded w/ dusty, finely granular brown + black pigment
67
Main effector of liver injury by alcohol
TNF
68
Main site of chronic ethanol injury
Liver
69
Main sources of mercury
Fish and Dental Amalgams
70
Major feature of alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease in general
Cytokine-mediated inflammation: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8
71
Malignant hyperthermia is caused by
mutations in genes (such as RYR1) that control calcium levelsd
72
Mallory-Denk Bodies
Tangled skeins of deranged cytoskeletal cytokeratin intermediate filaments
73
Manifestation of CO poisoning
Generalized cherry red color of skin and mucous membranes
74
Maternal smoking increases the risk of
spontaneous abortions and preterm births, intrauterine growth restriction
75
Mechanisms of injury produced by NAPQI
(1) Covalent binding to hepatic proteins; (2) Depletion of GSH
76
Metabolism of ethanol by CYP2E1 produces
ROS and causes lipid peroxidation of cell membranes
77
Minamata Disease
Exposure to high levels of mercur in utero --> Cerebral Palsy, Deafness, Blindness
78
Minimun radiation dose to cause effects
1 Sv
79
Most absorbed lead is taken up into
Bone and Developing Teeth
80
Most common diseases caused by cigarrette smoking
Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Lung Cancer
81
Most common infection from Heroin addiction
Viral Hepatitis
82
Most common neuropathy in Lead Poisoning
Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy of most used muscles --> Extensors of wrist and fingers, then peroneal --> Wrist drop and foot drop
83
Most common organism in burn sepsis
Psuedomonas aeruginosa
84
Most frequent telltale sign of heroin addiction
Cutaneous lesions
85
Most important mechanism of DNA damage by ionizing radiation
production of ROS by radiolysis of water
86
Most important souce of Cadmium for general population
Food (contaminated soil and plants)
87
Most often morphologic changes of Salicylism
GI bleeding, Gastric Ulceration
88
Most organochlorines are
endocrine disruptors
89
Most preventable cause of human death
Smoking
90
Most serious effects of Cocaine use
Tachycardia, HTN, Peripheral Vasoconstriction; Myocardial Ischemia; Lethal Arrhythmias
91
Name for abnormal nodular liver architecture
Cirrhosis
92
NAPQI accumulates, leading to centrilobular hepatic necrosis
What happens with large doses of Acetominophen
93
Neurologic changes in children, Unexplained anemia with basophilic stippling in red cells
Lead Poisoning
94
Normal color of liver is usually
Red-brown
95
Notable infection from Heroin Use
Endocarditis of Tricuspid; Staph Aureus
96
Nutritional deficiency common in chronic alcoholism
Thiamine --> Peripheral Neuropathies, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
97
OC's increase risk for breast cancer
FALSE
98
OC's increase risk for endometrial and ovarian cancers
False, protective effect
99
OC's increase the risk of
Thromboembolism and Hepatic Adenomas
100
Organs effected by radiation at low doses
Testes, Bone Marrow, Skin
101
Pancreas and Ethanol
Excessive intake increases risk of acute and chronic pancratitis
102
Particular edema that can become severe in burns
Pulmonary edema (shift of body fluids into interstitial compartments)
103
Passive smoke inhalation in nonsmokers can be measured by
Blood levels of Cotinine
104
Perforating puncture wound
All the way through
105
Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy of most used muscles --> Extensors of wrist and fingers, then peroneal --> Wrist drop and foot drop
Most common neuropathy in Lead Poisoning
106
Predominate manifestation of lead poisoning in adults
Peripheral neuropathy
107
Proportion of heart attacks associated with smoking
3-Jan
108
Recruitment of leukocytes to lung, increasing local elastase production and subsequent injury to lung tissue
Emphysema
109
Red discoloration of skin and mucous membranes
CO poisoning
110
Regenerative liver nodule surrounded by fibrous tissue
Cirrhosis
111
Resp bronchiole w/ many mac's loaded w/ dusty, finely granular brown + black pigment in bronchiolar lumen
Respiratory Bronchiolitis
112
Respiratory alkalosis, then metabolic acidosis that proves fatal
Aspirin overdose
113
Rubber worker exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene increase risk of
leukemia
114
Sievert is a unit of
equivalent dose that depends on biologic rather than physical effects of radiation
115
Smoking is responsible for __ of lung cancers
90%
116
T/F: HRT w/out progestins is associated with increased risk of breast cancer
False, w/ progestins
117
T/F: Platelets are spared in radiation injury
FALSE
118
T/F: Red cells are spared in radiation injury
TRUE
119
Tan-yellow liver indicates
Steatosis
120
Tangled skeins of deranged cytoskeletal cytokeratin intermediate filaments
Mallory-Denk Bodies
121
Tobacco smoke contributes to cancers of Oral Cavity, Esophagus, ___, and ___
Pancreas, and Bladder
122
UV and IR light are considered
nonionizing radiation
123
Vascular damage after radiation
Damage to endothelial cells may cause narrowing or occlusion of vessels, leading to impaired healing, fibrosis
124
What causes fat accumulation in liver
Decrease in NAD from Alcohol DH --> Decreased FA oxidation --> Fat deposition
125
What causes shunting of substrates away from catabolism and toward lipid biosynthesis
Excess reduced NADH
126
What env toxin causes folliculitis and chloracne
Dioxins and PCBs
127
What happens with large doses of Acetominophen
NAPQI accumulates, leading to centrilobular hepatic necrosis
128
What is Bronchitis
Inflammation and increased mucus production
129
What is Emphysema
Recruitment of leukocytes to lung, increasing local elastase production and subsequent injury to lung tissue
130
What is extremely sensitive to mercury
the developing brain
131
What is known to cause Pneumoconioses
Mineral Dusts
132
Where are CO hypoxic/ischemia changes particulary marked
Basal Ganglia and Lenticular Nuclei
133
Where is Alcohol DH located
Cytosol of Heptocytes
134
Where is CYP2E1 located
Microsomes of Hepatocytes
135
Why are children more susceptible to brain damage from lead
More permeable blood brain barrier
