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Pathology 2 > Environmental Diseases > Flashcards

Environmental Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Air pollution particles of what size tend to be most harmful

A

Less than 10 um, carried all the way to alveoli

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2
Q

3 Enzymes that metabolize alcohol to acetaldehyde in liver

A

Alcohol DH, CYP450, Catalase

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3
Q

3 Main Carcinogens of Cigarrette smoke

A

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Nitrosamines, Aromatic Amines

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4
Q

Abnormal permanent enlargement of airspaces due to destruction of walls b/t alveoli

A

Pulmonary emphysema

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5
Q

Acetominophen is metabolized to __ by p450

A

NAPQI

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6
Q

Acute neutrophilic inflammation + Steatosis =

A

Steatohepatitis

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7
Q

Adverse effects of HRT

A

Endometrial and Breast Cancers, Thromboembolism

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8
Q

Adverse hematologic effect of lead

A

Inhibits heme synthesis and iron incorporation into hemoglobin –> Anemia; ATPase dysfunction –> Hemolysis

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9
Q

Alcohol oxidation by Alcohol DH causes

A

decrease in NAD+ and increase in NADH –> Fatty Liver

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10
Q

Antidote of Acetominophen toxicity

A

N-Acetylcysteine –> Restores GSH

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11
Q

Aspirin overdose

A

Respiratory alkalosis, then metabolic acidosis that proves fatal

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12
Q

At light microscope level, ___ are prominent in irradiated tissues

A

Vascular changes and interstitial fibrosis

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13
Q

Basophilic stippling is a result of

A

Clumped Ribosomes from Lead Poisoning

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14
Q

Blood changes: Microcystic, hypochromic anemia with punctate basophilic stippling of red cells

A

Earliest signs of lead accumulation

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15
Q

BPA’s are potential __ disruptors

A

endocrine

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16
Q

Brain after longer survival of CO poisoning

A

Slightly edematous and exhibits punctate hemorrhages and hypoxia-induced neuronal changes

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17
Q

Burns can lead to what kind of shock

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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18
Q

Cancers caused by Polycyclic Hydrocarbons

A

Lung and Bladder

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19
Q

Chronic Cocaine Use

A

Dilated Cardiomyopathy

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20
Q

Chronic exposure to Arsenic causes

A

Hyperpigmentation and Hyperkeratosis of the skin –> Skin and Lung Cancers

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21
Q

Clinical presentation of Lead Poisoning

A

Neurologic changes in children, Unexplained anemia with basophilic stippling in red cells

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22
Q

Coal dust, silica, asbestos, and beryllium are all

A

mineral dusts

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23
Q

Component of cigarrettes that causes most of the CV harm

A

Nicotine

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24
Q

CYP isoform involved in alcohol metabolism

A

CYP2E1

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25
Q

Dioxins and PCBs can cause

A

skin disoders such as folliculitis and choracne

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26
Q

Direct effects of hypothermia are mediated by

A

Physical disruptions w/in cells

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27
Q

Dx confirmation of Lead Poisoning

A

(1) Elevated blood lead; (2) Elevated red cell free protoporphyrin or zinc-protoporphyrin levels

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28
Q

Earliest signs of lead accumulation

A

Blood changes: Microcystic, hypochromic anemia with punctate basophilic stippling of red cells

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29
Q

Elevated Zinc-Protoporphyrin

A

Formed instead of Heme in Lead Poisoning

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30
Q

Emphysema can be thought of as resulting from

A

Inadequate wound repair

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31
Q

Energy of nonionizing radiation is not sufficient to

A

displace electrons from atoms

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32
Q

Equivalent dose corresponds to

A

absorbed dose multiplied by relative biologic effectiveness of radiation

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33
Q

Excess Cadmium can causes

A

Obstructive lung disease and Kidney damage

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34
Q

Excess lead interferes with

A

Normal remodeling of calcified cartilage, and primary bone trabeculae –> Increased bone density

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35
Q

Excess NAPQI leads to

A

Centrilobular Hepatic Necrosis

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36
Q

Excretion of lead

A

Kidneys, can cause damage acutely

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37
Q

Exposure to high levels of mercur in utero –> Cerebral Palsy, Deafness, Blindness

A

Minamata Disease

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38
Q

Fetal effects of cocaine

A

Decreased blood flow to fetus; CNS

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39
Q

Formed instead of Heme in Lead Poisoning

A

Elevated Zinc-Protoporphyrin

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40
Q

Generalized cherry red color of skin and mucous membranes

A

Manifestation of CO poisoning

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41
Q

Genetic disease causing excess iron absorption and injurious accumulation in hepatocytes and other cells

A

Hemochromatosis

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42
Q

Gram Positive Cocci in pairs

A

Pneumococcal pneumonia

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43
Q

Gray is a unit that expresses

A

energy absorbed by target tissue

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44
Q

Gros of partial-thickness burns

A

Pink or mottled, blistered and painful

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45
Q

Gross of full-thickness burns

A

White, charred, dry

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46
Q

Heat exhaustion results from

A

failure of CV system to compensate for hypovolemia (water depletion)

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47
Q

Heat stroke is a result of

A

themoregulatory system failure

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48
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

Genetic disease causing excess iron absorption and injurious accumulation in hepatocytes and other cells

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49
Q

How do cocain produce Myocardial Ischemia

A

Coronary Artery Vasoconstriction, Platelet aggregation

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50
Q

How do you detect CO poisoning

A

High levels of Carboxyhemoglobin in blood

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51
Q

How is most Acetominophen conjugated

A

In liver with Glucuronide or Sulfate

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52
Q

HRT increase risk of

A

Endometrial and Breast Cancers, Thromboembolism

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53
Q

HRT, with or w/out progestins, increases risk of

A

Thromboembolism

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54
Q

Hyperpigmentation and Hyperkeratosis of the skin

A

Chronic exposure to Arsenic causes

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55
Q

In burns, there is a shift of body fluid into

A

interstitial compartments

56
Q

Indirect effects of hypthermia are the result of

A

circulatory changes

57
Q

Inhalation of mineral dusts can cause

A

chronic, non-neoplastic lung diseases called pneumoconioses

58
Q

Ionizing radition has sufficient energy to

A

remove tightly bound electrons

59
Q

Kidney Damage in Lead Poisoning

A

Proximal tubular damage; Chronic leads to interstitial fibrosis and findings suggestive of gout

60
Q

Large quantities of Arsenic acutely cause

A

GI, CV, and CNS disturbances

61
Q

Large, light-colored lipid-rich wall thickening

A

Atherosclerosis

62
Q

Lead Lines in Bone

A

Increased bone density in the primary bone trabeculae of children

63
Q

Lead Lines in Gums

A

Excess lead stimulates hyperpigmentation

64
Q

Leading cause of death in burned patients

A

Organ system failure from sepsis

65
Q

Liver injuries from chronic alcoholism

A

Fatty Liver, Alcoholic Hepatitis, Cirrhosis

66
Q

Mac’s in Resp Bronchiolitis

A

Loaded w/ dusty, finely granular brown + black pigment

67
Q

Main effector of liver injury by alcohol

A

TNF

68
Q

Main site of chronic ethanol injury

A

Liver

69
Q

Main sources of mercury

A

Fish and Dental Amalgams

70
Q

Major feature of alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease in general

A

Cytokine-mediated inflammation: TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

71
Q

Malignant hyperthermia is caused by

A

mutations in genes (such as RYR1) that control calcium levelsd

72
Q

Mallory-Denk Bodies

A

Tangled skeins of deranged cytoskeletal cytokeratin intermediate filaments

73
Q

Manifestation of CO poisoning

A

Generalized cherry red color of skin and mucous membranes

74
Q

Maternal smoking increases the risk of

A

spontaneous abortions and preterm births, intrauterine growth restriction

75
Q

Mechanisms of injury produced by NAPQI

A

(1) Covalent binding to hepatic proteins; (2) Depletion of GSH

76
Q

Metabolism of ethanol by CYP2E1 produces

A

ROS and causes lipid peroxidation of cell membranes

77
Q

Minamata Disease

A

Exposure to high levels of mercur in utero –> Cerebral Palsy, Deafness, Blindness

78
Q

Minimun radiation dose to cause effects

A

1 Sv

79
Q

Most absorbed lead is taken up into

A

Bone and Developing Teeth

80
Q

Most common diseases caused by cigarrette smoking

A

Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Lung Cancer

81
Q

Most common infection from Heroin addiction

A

Viral Hepatitis

82
Q

Most common neuropathy in Lead Poisoning

A

Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy of most used muscles –> Extensors of wrist and fingers, then peroneal –> Wrist drop and foot drop

83
Q

Most common organism in burn sepsis

A

Psuedomonas aeruginosa

84
Q

Most frequent telltale sign of heroin addiction

A

Cutaneous lesions

85
Q

Most important mechanism of DNA damage by ionizing radiation

A

production of ROS by radiolysis of water

86
Q

Most important souce of Cadmium for general population

A

Food (contaminated soil and plants)

87
Q

Most often morphologic changes of Salicylism

A

GI bleeding, Gastric Ulceration

88
Q

Most organochlorines are

A

endocrine disruptors

89
Q

Most preventable cause of human death

A

Smoking

90
Q

Most serious effects of Cocaine use

A

Tachycardia, HTN, Peripheral Vasoconstriction; Myocardial Ischemia; Lethal Arrhythmias

91
Q

Name for abnormal nodular liver architecture

A

Cirrhosis

92
Q

NAPQI accumulates, leading to centrilobular hepatic necrosis

A

What happens with large doses of Acetominophen

93
Q

Neurologic changes in children, Unexplained anemia with basophilic stippling in red cells

A

Lead Poisoning

94
Q

Normal color of liver is usually

A

Red-brown

95
Q

Notable infection from Heroin Use

A

Endocarditis of Tricuspid; Staph Aureus

96
Q

Nutritional deficiency common in chronic alcoholism

A

Thiamine –> Peripheral Neuropathies, Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

97
Q

OC’s increase risk for breast cancer

A

FALSE

98
Q

OC’s increase risk for endometrial and ovarian cancers

A

False, protective effect

99
Q

OC’s increase the risk of

A

Thromboembolism and Hepatic Adenomas

100
Q

Organs effected by radiation at low doses

A

Testes, Bone Marrow, Skin

101
Q

Pancreas and Ethanol

A

Excessive intake increases risk of acute and chronic pancratitis

102
Q

Particular edema that can become severe in burns

A

Pulmonary edema (shift of body fluids into interstitial compartments)

103
Q

Passive smoke inhalation in nonsmokers can be measured by

A

Blood levels of Cotinine

104
Q

Perforating puncture wound

A

All the way through

105
Q

Peripheral demyelinating neuropathy of most used muscles –> Extensors of wrist and fingers, then peroneal –> Wrist drop and foot drop

A

Most common neuropathy in Lead Poisoning

106
Q

Predominate manifestation of lead poisoning in adults

A

Peripheral neuropathy

107
Q

Proportion of heart attacks associated with smoking

A

3-Jan

108
Q

Recruitment of leukocytes to lung, increasing local elastase production and subsequent injury to lung tissue

A

Emphysema

109
Q

Red discoloration of skin and mucous membranes

A

CO poisoning

110
Q

Regenerative liver nodule surrounded by fibrous tissue

A

Cirrhosis

111
Q

Resp bronchiole w/ many mac’s loaded w/ dusty, finely granular brown + black pigment in bronchiolar lumen

A

Respiratory Bronchiolitis

112
Q

Respiratory alkalosis, then metabolic acidosis that proves fatal

A

Aspirin overdose

113
Q

Rubber worker exposure to benzene and 1,3-butadiene increase risk of

A

leukemia

114
Q

Sievert is a unit of

A

equivalent dose that depends on biologic rather than physical effects of radiation

115
Q

Smoking is responsible for __ of lung cancers

A

90%

116
Q

T/F: HRT w/out progestins is associated with increased risk of breast cancer

A

False, w/ progestins

117
Q

T/F: Platelets are spared in radiation injury

A

FALSE

118
Q

T/F: Red cells are spared in radiation injury

A

TRUE

119
Q

Tan-yellow liver indicates

A

Steatosis

120
Q

Tangled skeins of deranged cytoskeletal cytokeratin intermediate filaments

A

Mallory-Denk Bodies

121
Q

Tobacco smoke contributes to cancers of Oral Cavity, Esophagus, ___, and ___

A

Pancreas, and Bladder

122
Q

UV and IR light are considered

A

nonionizing radiation

123
Q

Vascular damage after radiation

A

Damage to endothelial cells may cause narrowing or occlusion of vessels, leading to impaired healing, fibrosis

124
Q

What causes fat accumulation in liver

A

Decrease in NAD from Alcohol DH –> Decreased FA oxidation –> Fat deposition

125
Q

What causes shunting of substrates away from catabolism and toward lipid biosynthesis

A

Excess reduced NADH

126
Q

What env toxin causes folliculitis and chloracne

A

Dioxins and PCBs

127
Q

What happens with large doses of Acetominophen

A

NAPQI accumulates, leading to centrilobular hepatic necrosis

128
Q

What is Bronchitis

A

Inflammation and increased mucus production

129
Q

What is Emphysema

A

Recruitment of leukocytes to lung, increasing local elastase production and subsequent injury to lung tissue

130
Q

What is extremely sensitive to mercury

A

the developing brain

131
Q

What is known to cause Pneumoconioses

A

Mineral Dusts

132
Q

Where are CO hypoxic/ischemia changes particulary marked

A

Basal Ganglia and Lenticular Nuclei

133
Q

Where is Alcohol DH located

A

Cytosol of Heptocytes

134
Q

Where is CYP2E1 located

A

Microsomes of Hepatocytes

135
Q

Why are children more susceptible to brain damage from lead

A

More permeable blood brain barrier

Pathology 2 (9 decks)

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