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Pathology 2 > Cancer 3 (02.26) > Flashcards

Cancer 3 (02.26) Flashcards

1
Q

Direct-Acting Carcinogens

A

Require no metabolic conversion to become carcinogenic

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2
Q

2 important proteins in EBV

A

LMP1 and EBNA2

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3
Q

70-85% of hepatocellular carcinomas are due to

A

infection with HBV or HCV

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4
Q

Action of CagA

A

Activates RAS MEK ERK pathway

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5
Q

Action of E6 viral protein

A

Binds to and mediates degradation of p53

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6
Q

Action of E7 viral protein

A

Binds Rb and releases E2F transcription factors, promoting proliferation

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7
Q

Action of EBNA2

A

Transactivates several host genes, including cyclin D and src family of proto-oncogenes

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8
Q

Action of LMP1

A

Oncogene: Activates pathways that mimic B cell activation by CD40

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9
Q

Action of NF-KB pathway w/in hepatocytes blocks

A

apoptosis, allowing dividing hepatocytes to incur genotoxic stress and accumulate mutations

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10
Q

Aflatoxin B1 is produced by

A

some strains of Aspergillus

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11
Q

Aflatoxin B1 produces characteristic mutations in

A

TP53

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12
Q

After activation with __, NK cells can lyse a wide range of human tumors

A

IL-2

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13
Q

Alkylating agents are Direct or Indirect-Acting agents

A

Direct

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14
Q

Binds Rb and releases E2F transcription factors, promoting proliferation

A

Action of E7 viral protein

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15
Q

Binds to and mediates degradation of p53

A

Action of E6 viral protein

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16
Q

BRAF inhibitor used in melanoma

A

Vemurafinib

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17
Q

Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma (BAC) is aka

A

Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma In Situ

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18
Q

CagA

A

Specific gene on pathogenicity island of H Pylori thought to be carcinogenic

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19
Q

Cancer caused by HLTV-1

A

T cell leukemia

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20
Q

Certain EBV gene products contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating

A

a normal B cell proliferation pathway

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21
Q

Classically activated macrophages of the ___ type exhibit cytotoxicity against tumor cells

A

M1

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22
Q

Dominant oncogenic effects of HBV/HCV infection

A

Chronic inflammation w/ Hepatocyte Death –> Regeneration and genomic damage

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23
Q

Dysplasia in the breast is also called

A

Atypical Hyperplasia

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24
Q

E6 and E7 from high risk strains of HPV have

A

higher affinity for their targets

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25
EGFR mutation confers responsiveness to
Erlotinib
26
General mechanism for development of Gastric Adenocarcinoma by H Pylori
Chronic Inflammation, Gastric cell proliferation, ROS that damage DNA
27
H Pylori has been implicated in development of
Gastric Adenocarcinomas and Gastric Lymphomas
28
HLTV-1 has tropism for
CD4+ T Cells --> These are neoplastic as a result
29
How are epoxides carcinogenic
Form covalent adducts w/ molecules in cell
30
How are pyrimidine dimers repaired
Nucleotide excision repair pathway
31
How do promoters augment carcinogens
Stimulate proliferation of mutated cells
32
How does LMP1 prevent apoptosis
Activates BCL2
33
In 90% of cases of HCC, tumors develop in setting of
cirrhosis
34
Incidence of HCC is increasing due to
Hepatitis C epidemic
35
Indirect-Acting Carcinogens
Require metabolic conversion to an "ultimate carcinogen"
36
Inflammatory cytokines though to play a role in H Pylori Gastric Lymphoma
IL-1beta and TNF
37
Is Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia the same thing as Dysplasia?
Yes
38
Key step in EBV-related oncogenesis
Evasion of the immune system
39
Key step in HBV/HCV tumorigenesis
Activation of NF-KB in hepatocytes caused by mediators derived from activated immune cells
40
Kidney tumors are a component of which hereditary cancer syndrome
VHL
41
Lymphoma cells may emerge after EBV transformation when
translocations activate the MYC oncogene
42
Most important form of DNA damage caused by irradiation
Double-stranded DNA breaks
43
New most common type of lung cancer
Adenocarcinoma
44
NKG2D proteins recognize
stress-induced antigens on tumor cells and cells that have incurred DNA damage
45
Nontumorigenic but augment carcinogenicity of some chemicals
Promoters
46
Oncogene: Activates pathways that mimic B cell activation by CD40
Action of LMP1
47
Only retrovirus demonstrated to cause cancer in humans
HTLV-1
48
Percent of those infected by H Pylori who get gastric cancer
2%
49
Precursor to Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma
Atypical Adenomatous Hyperplasia (AAH)
50
Primary etiological agent of Stomach Cancer
H Pylori
51
Principal active products in many hydrocarbons
Epoxides, which form covalent adducts w/ molecules in cells
52
Promoters
Nontumorigenic but augment carcinogenicity of some chemicals; Stimulate proliferation of mutated cells
53
Protein in HLTV-1 that is necessary and sufficient for transformation
TAX
54
SNAIL and TWIST
Metastatic Oncogenes: promote downregulation of E-Cadherin expression, etc
55
Some of the most potent indirect carcinogens
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (Benzo[a]pyrene)
56
Special name for Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma In Situ
Bronchioloalveolar Carcinoma (BAC)
57
Specific gene on pathogenicity island of H Pylori thought to be carcinogenic
CagA
58
Surface Glycoproteins and Glycolipids in Cancer
Much higher expression
59
T/F: HLTV-1 encodes an oncogene and is consistent with integration?
False, False
60
T/F: Infection with HPV is sufficient for carcinogenesis
TRUE
61
TAX
Protein in HLTV-1 that is necessary and sufficient for transformation
62
Transactivates several host genes, including cyclin D and src family of proto-oncogenes
Action of EBNA2
63
Tumor cells that ____ may trigger NK cells
Don't express MHC Class 1 antigens
64
Type of cell overproduced in H Pylori MALT Lymphoma
B cell
65
VHL gene product causes
ubiquitination and degradation of HIF1 that would yield increased PDGF, VEGF and tumor angiogenesis
66
Virulence factor of H Pylori that causes cancer
CagA
67
What cells express Tyrosinase
Melanocytes and Melanomas
68
What confers resistance to Erlotinib
KRAS mutation
69
What virus contains EBNA2
EBV
70
What virus contains LMP1
EBV

Pathology 2 (9 decks)

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