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Pathology 2 > Cancer 1 > Flashcards

Cancer 1 Flashcards

1
Q

When is a cancer deemed Malignant

A

Can invade and destory adjacent structures and spread to distant sites

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2
Q

4 examples of inconsistently named malignant tumors

A

Lymphoma, Mesothelioma, Melanoma, Seminoma

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3
Q

A pre-invasive stage of cancer when dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium

A

Carcinoma in situ

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4
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern

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5
Q

Adenoma is generally applied to

A

Benign epithelial neoplasms producing gland patterns; and neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibiting gland patterns

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6
Q

Anaplastic

A

Lack of differentiation

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7
Q

Anaplastic nuclei are

A

Variable and bizarre in size and shape; Clumped, coarse chromatin; Large nucleoli

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8
Q

Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds

A

Papilloma

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9
Q

Capsule of Benign vs Malignant

A

Benign usually have well circumscribed capsule, malignant do not

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10
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

A pre-invasive stage of cancer when dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium

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11
Q

Carcinomas

A

Malignant neoplams of epithelial cells, regardless of tissue of origin

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12
Q

Carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern

A

Adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

Category containing RAS and ABL

A

Downstream Signal-Transducing Proteins

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14
Q

Choristoma

A

Congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotopic rest of cells; Not a tumor

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15
Q

Classic tumor suppressor genes, such as RB, where mutation leads to transformation by removing an important brake on cellular proliferation

A

Governor genes

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16
Q

Concentric Calcified concretions

A

Psammoma bodies

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17
Q

Congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotopic rest of cells

A

Choristoma

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18
Q

Conquences of activating mutations of RAS are mimicked by

A

Loss-of-function mutations in the GAPs that restrain normal RAS proteins

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19
Q

Cyclins

A

Progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by

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20
Q

Dysplasia

A

Loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation

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21
Q

Gene fusion in Philadelphia chromosome

A

BCR-ABL, potent tyrosin kinase activity (CML)

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22
Q

Governor genes

A

Classic tumor suppressor genes, such as RB, where mutation leads to transformation by removing an important brake on cellular proliferation

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23
Q

Hamartoma

A

Mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site; Traditionally thought to be developmental malformations

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24
Q

Hematogenous spread is more typical of

A

Sarcomas

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25
Q

Her2 is a receptor for

A

EGF

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26
Q

How does dysregulation of MYC promote tumorigenesis

A

Increases expression of genes that promote progression through the cell cycle and represses genes that slow or prevent progression

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27
Q

Loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation

A

Dysplasia

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28
Q

Lymphatic spread is more typical of

A

Carcinomas

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29
Q

Malignant neoplams of epithelial cells, regardless of tissue of origin

A

Carcinomas

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30
Q

Malignant neoplasms that arise in solid mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives

A

Sarcoma

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31
Q

Mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site; Traditionally thought to be developmental malformations

A

Hamartoma

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32
Q

Mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure

A

Polyp

33
Q

Methylation profile of most cancers

A

Global DNA hypomethylation and selective promoter-localized hypermethylation

34
Q

Mixed Tumors

A

Tumor cells undergo divergent differentiation

35
Q

More than any other attribute, the property of __ identifies a neoplasm as malignant

A

Metastasis

36
Q

Most common karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells

A

Balanced translocation

37
Q

Most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in human tumors

A

RAS

38
Q

Nuclear histology in malignant neoplasm

A

Often extremely hyperchromatic and large, resulting in increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

39
Q

Oncogene Addiction

A

Tumor is dependent on a singal signaling molecule

40
Q

Origin of Teratomas

A

Totipotent Germ Cells (Ovary, Testes)

41
Q

Papilloma

A

Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds

42
Q

Pedunculated Polyp

A

On a stalk

43
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in size and shape

44
Q

Polyp

A

Mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure

45
Q

Polyps usually refer to

A

Benign tumors, but can also be malignant

46
Q

Progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by

A

Cyclins

47
Q

Psammoma bodies

A

Concentric Calcified concretions

48
Q

RAS mutations interfere with

A

GTP Hydrolysis –> Trapped in activated, GTP-bound form

49
Q

Ras proteins are __ when bound to GDP

A

inactive

50
Q

Rate of growth of malignant tumors usually correlates inversely with

A

Level of differentiation

51
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant neoplasms that arise in solid mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives

52
Q

Second most common karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells

A

Deletion

53
Q

Sentinel Lymph Node

A

First regional lymph node that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor

54
Q

Sessile Polyp

A

Flat, like a plateau

55
Q

Special type of mixed tumor that contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer

A

Teratoma

56
Q

T/F: Carcinomas arise from Ectoderm

A

False, can arise from epithelial cells from any germ layer

57
Q

T/F: Dysplasias are a stage of cancer

A

False, not always, can regress completely

58
Q

T/F: Polyps are benign

A

Not always

59
Q

T/F: Polyps are neoplastic

A

Not always

60
Q

Targeted therapy for EML4-ALK (lung primary adenocarcinoma)

A

Crizotinib

61
Q

Teratoma

A

Special type of mixed tumor that contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer

62
Q

The average carcinoma is what color

A

Tan White

63
Q

The more rapidly growing and more anaplastic a tumor, the less likely

A

it is to have specialized functional activity

64
Q

Translocation in 90% of Burkitt Lymphoma

A

8 and 14, overexpression of MYC

65
Q

Translocation in Follicular B Cell Lymphomas

A

14 and 18, overexpression of BLC2

66
Q

Tumor most associated with BCR-ABL

A

CML

67
Q

Tumor most associated with EML4-ALK

A

Lung primary adenocarcinoma

68
Q

Tumor most associated with Fli-EWS

A

Ewing Sarcoma

69
Q

Tumor most associated with overexpressed BCL2

A

Follicular Lymphoma

70
Q

Tumor most associated with overexpressed HGMA2

A

Parotid Pleomorphic Adenoma

71
Q

Tumor most associated with overexpressed MYC

A

Burkitt lymphoma

72
Q

Tumor most associated with TMPRSS-ETS fusion

A

Prostate Adenocarcinoma

73
Q

Two metabolic changes that are hallmarks of cancer

A

Warburg Effect, Increased utilization of Glutamine

74
Q

Two pathways activated by RAS

A

(1) PI3K/AKT/mTOR; (2) RAF/MAPK

75
Q

What activates Ras

A

GTP

76
Q

What drug treats BCR-ABL CML

A

Imatinib

77
Q

What is desmoplasia

A

Formation of abundant fibrous stroma by some carcinomas

78
Q

What prevents uncontrolled RAS activation

A

GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)

79
Q

What type of protein in NF-1

A

A GAP –> Regulator of RAS function

Pathology 2 (9 decks)

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