Cancer 1 Flashcards by Ryan Lee

When is a cancer deemed Malignant

Can invade and destory adjacent structures and spread to distant sites

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4 examples of inconsistently named malignant tumors

Lymphoma, Mesothelioma, Melanoma, Seminoma

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A pre-invasive stage of cancer when dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium

Carcinoma in situ

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Adenocarcinoma

Carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern

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Adenoma is generally applied to

Benign epithelial neoplasms producing gland patterns; and neoplasms derived from glands but not necessarily exhibiting gland patterns

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Anaplastic

Lack of differentiation

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Anaplastic nuclei are

Variable and bizarre in size and shape; Clumped, coarse chromatin; Large nucleoli

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Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds

Papilloma

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Capsule of Benign vs Malignant

Benign usually have well circumscribed capsule, malignant do not

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Carcinoma in situ

A pre-invasive stage of cancer when dysplastic changes are marked and involve the entire thickness of the epithelium

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Carcinomas

Malignant neoplams of epithelial cells, regardless of tissue of origin

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Carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern

Adenocarcinoma

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Category containing RAS and ABL

Downstream Signal-Transducing Proteins

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Choristoma

Congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotopic rest of cells; Not a tumor

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Classic tumor suppressor genes, such as RB, where mutation leads to transformation by removing an important brake on cellular proliferation

Governor genes

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Concentric Calcified concretions

Psammoma bodies

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Congenital anomaly consisting of a heterotopic rest of cells

Choristoma

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Conquences of activating mutations of RAS are mimicked by

Loss-of-function mutations in the GAPs that restrain normal RAS proteins

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Cyclins

Progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by

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Dysplasia

Loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation

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Gene fusion in Philadelphia chromosome

BCR-ABL, potent tyrosin kinase activity (CML)

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Governor genes

Classic tumor suppressor genes, such as RB, where mutation leads to transformation by removing an important brake on cellular proliferation

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Hamartoma

Mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site; Traditionally thought to be developmental malformations

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Hematogenous spread is more typical of

Sarcomas

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Her2 is a receptor for

EGF

How does dysregulation of MYC promote tumorigenesis

Increases expression of genes that promote progression through the cell cycle and represses genes that slow or prevent progression

Loss in the uniformity of individual cells and in their architectural orientation

Dysplasia

Lymphatic spread is more typical of

Carcinomas

Malignant neoplams of epithelial cells, regardless of tissue of origin

Carcinomas

Malignant neoplasms that arise in solid mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives

Sarcoma

Mass of disorganized tissue indigenous to the particular site; Traditionally thought to be developmental malformations

Hamartoma

Mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure

Polyp

Methylation profile of most cancers

Global DNA hypomethylation and selective promoter-localized hypermethylation

Mixed Tumors

Tumor cells undergo divergent differentiation

More than any other attribute, the property of __ identifies a neoplasm as malignant

Metastasis

Most common karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells

Balanced translocation

Most commonly mutated proto-oncogene in human tumors

RAS

Nuclear histology in malignant neoplasm

Often extremely hyperchromatic and large, resulting in increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

Oncogene Addiction

Tumor is dependent on a singal signaling molecule

Origin of Teratomas

Totipotent Germ Cells (Ovary, Testes)

Papilloma

Benign epithelial neoplasms, growing on any surface, that produce microscopic or macroscopic finger-like fronds

Pedunculated Polyp

On a stalk

Pleomorphism

Variation in size and shape

Polyp

Mass that projects above a mucosal surface to form a macroscopically visible structure

Polyps usually refer to

Benign tumors, but can also be malignant

Progression thru the cell cycle is regulated by

Cyclins

Psammoma bodies

Concentric Calcified concretions

RAS mutations interfere with

GTP Hydrolysis --> Trapped in activated, GTP-bound form

Ras proteins are __ when bound to GDP

inactive

Rate of growth of malignant tumors usually correlates inversely with

Level of differentiation

Sarcoma

Malignant neoplasms that arise in solid mesenchymal tissues or its derivatives

Second most common karyotypic abnormality in tumor cells

Deletion

Sentinel Lymph Node

First regional lymph node that receives lymph flow from a primary tumor

Sessile Polyp

Flat, like a plateau

Special type of mixed tumor that contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer

Teratoma

T/F: Carcinomas arise from Ectoderm

False, can arise from epithelial cells from any germ layer

T/F: Dysplasias are a stage of cancer

False, not always, can regress completely

T/F: Polyps are benign

Not always

T/F: Polyps are neoplastic

Not always

Targeted therapy for EML4-ALK (lung primary adenocarcinoma)

Crizotinib

Teratoma

Special type of mixed tumor that contains recognizable mature or immature cells or tissues representative of more than one germ layer

The average carcinoma is what color

Tan White

The more rapidly growing and more anaplastic a tumor, the less likely

it is to have specialized functional activity

Translocation in 90% of Burkitt Lymphoma

8 and 14, overexpression of MYC

Translocation in Follicular B Cell Lymphomas

14 and 18, overexpression of BLC2

Tumor most associated with BCR-ABL

CML

Tumor most associated with EML4-ALK

Lung primary adenocarcinoma

Tumor most associated with Fli-EWS

Ewing Sarcoma

Tumor most associated with overexpressed BCL2

Follicular Lymphoma

Tumor most associated with overexpressed HGMA2

Parotid Pleomorphic Adenoma

Tumor most associated with overexpressed MYC

Burkitt lymphoma

Tumor most associated with TMPRSS-ETS fusion

Prostate Adenocarcinoma

Two metabolic changes that are hallmarks of cancer

Warburg Effect, Increased utilization of Glutamine

Two pathways activated by RAS

(1) PI3K/AKT/mTOR; (2) RAF/MAPK

What activates Ras

GTP

What drug treats BCR-ABL CML

Imatinib

What is desmoplasia

Formation of abundant fibrous stroma by some carcinomas

What prevents uncontrolled RAS activation

GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs)

What type of protein in NF-1

A GAP --> Regulator of RAS function