Nutritional Deficiencies Throughout The Life Cycle

Question 1

Folic acid (FA) is a

Answer 1

water-soluble Vitamin B9, also
called Folate

Question 2

Sources of folate

Answer 2

leafy green vegetables, fruits, dried beans, peas and nuts, liver

Question 3

Folate deficiency

Answer 3

adults: anemia is a sign of advanced folate deficiency

Question 4

Neural Tube Defects

Answer 4

birth defects of the brain and
spinal cord.

Question 5

Normal embryo:

Answer 5

the closure of the neural tube occurs around the 30th day after fertilization.

Question 6

Abnormal embryo:

Answer 6

The tube fails to close properly, a NTD will occur.

Question 7

Anencephalyy is a type of neural tube defect (NTD)

Answer 7

The head end of the neural
tube fails to close

Question 8

Complication of Anencephaly

Answer 8

absence of a major portion of the brain, skull, and scalp

Question 9

babies

Answer 9

either stillborn or die shortly after birth

Question 10

Spina Bifida-definition

Answer 10

Incomplete closure of the embryonic neural tube results in an incompletely formed spinal cord during the first month of pregnancy

Question 11

effect of spina bifida

Answer 11

◦ Nerve damage
◦ Paralysis of the legs
◦ Intellectual/learning disabilities

Question 12

Policy on folate supplementation for
reducing NTDs: High risk women:

Answer 12

• Women or partner themselves have NTDs
• Had a child with NTDs
• Family history of NTDs
• Diabetic women who are on insulin therapy
• Women who received medication known to affect folate metabolism (anticonvulsive, infertility treatment, anti cancer treatment and vitamin A analogue used for treatment of acne)

Question 13

folate supplementation for
reducing NTDs

Answer 13

High risk women: 5mg daily to be taken from one month prior to conception and to be continued for at least 12 weeks after conception

Low risk women: 800μg daily is recommended

Question 14

Children: Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM)

Answer 14

most widespread form of malnutrition

Question 15

acute PEM

Answer 15

• Children who are thin for their height

Question 16

chronic PEM

Answer 16

Children who are short for their age

Question 17

PEM includes the classifications of

Answer 17

kwashiorkor and marasmus.

Question 18

– Kwashiorkor =

Answer 18

protein deficiency disease

Question 19

Marasmus

Answer 19

= a deficiency disease caused by inadequate food intake

Question 20

Worldwide, three nutrient deficiencies are of
particular concern

Question 21

Stunting

Answer 21

 Length/height-for-age (Mean ±SD)
 At risk stunting (−2 to −1 SD)
 Normal (>-1 to +2 SD)
 Tall (> +2 SD)

Question 22

Wasting

Answer 22

Weight-for-age (Mean ±SD)
Underweight (<-2 SD)
At risk underweight (−2 to −1 SD)
Normal (> −1 to +2 SD)
Overweight (> +2 SD)

Question 23

Vitamin A deficiency

Answer 23

is the world’s most common cause
of preventable child blindness and vision impairment

Question 24

Iron deficiency

Answer 24

y is associated with decreased cognitive
abilities and resistance to disease.

Question 25

– Iodine deficiency

Answer 25

is the major preventable cause of
mental retardation worldwide.

Question 26

Children: Megaloblastic Anemia

Answer 26

Due to folic acid and cobalamin deficiency

Question 27

 Signs and symptoms

Answer 27

• Pale or yellow skin
• Fast heart beat
• Shortness of breath
• Lack of energy, feeling tired
• Decreased appetite
• Irritability or fussiness
• Hair color changes

Question 28

Pharmacotherapy: Vi

Answer 28

Vitamin B12 supplementation
(Cyanocobalamin)
Folate supplementation

Question 29

Prevention of Osteomalacia

Answer 29

Eat foods high in vitamin D.
(salmon, mackerel, sardines) and egg yolks
* Foods fortified with vitamin D, such as cereal, bread, milk and yogurt
* Expose to sunlight
* Take supplements, if needed

Question 30

Diagnosis and Tests

Answer 30

1. low levels of vitamin D, but low levels of calcium or a significant drop in phosphate levels may also indicate osteomalacia
2. X-rays
3. A bone mineral density scan
   - evaluating the amount of calcium and other minerals present in a patient’s bone segment