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327 nutrition > fat soluble vitamin > Flashcards

fat soluble vitamin Flashcards

1
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

ADEK

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2
Q

Preformed

A

*Retinoids (retinal, retinol, retinoic acid)
*Found in animal products

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3
Q

*Provitamin A

A

*Carotenoids
*Must be converted to retinoid form
*Found in plant products

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4
Q

carotenoids to retinoids

A

*Enzymatic conversion of carotenoids occurs in liver or intestinal cells, forming retinal
and retinoic acid

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5
Q

Provitamin A carotenoids

A

*Beta-carotene
*Alpha carotene
*Beta-cryptoxanthin

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5
Q

Retinoic acid is required for structural
components of eye

A

*Cones in the retina: *Responsible for vision under bright lights& *Translate objects to color vision
*Rods in the retina: *Responsible for vision in dim lights & *Translate objects to black and white vision

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6
Q

Retinoic acid

A

cellular differentiation, Embryo development, gene expression

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7
Q

Retinoic acid influences

A

production, structure, and function of epithelial cells that line the outside (skin) and external passages (mucus forming cells) within the body

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7
Q

vitamin A deficiency

A

leads to decreased resistance to infections

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8
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

*Dark leafy green, yellow-orange
vegetables/fruits

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9
Q

absorption of vitamin a: carotenoids

A

*Absorbed intact, absorption rate much lower
*Intestinal cells can convert carotenoids to retinoid

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9
Q

absorption of vitamin a: retinoids

A

Retinyl esters broken down to free retinol in small intestine - requires bile, digestive enzymes, integration into micelles

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9
Q

transport and storage of vitamin a

A

*Liver stores 90% of vitamin A in the body
*Reserve is adequate for several months
*Transported via chylomicrons from intestinal
cells to the liver
*Transported from the liver to target tissue as
retinol via retinol-binding protein, which is
bound to transthyretin

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9
Q

excretion of vitamin A

A

*Not readily excreted
*Some lost in urine
*Kidney disease and aging increase risk of
toxicity because excretion is impaired

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9
Q

toxicity of vitamin a

A

*GI effects
*Headaches
*Blurred vision
*Poor muscle coordination

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9
Q

Hypervitaminosis A

A

results from long-term supplement use (2 – 4 x RDA

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9
Q

vitamin a deficiencies

A

*Xerophthalmia
*Night blindness
*Follicular hyperkeratosis

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9
Q

Teratogenic (may occur with as little as 3 x RDA
of preformed vitamin A)

A

*Tends to produce physical defect on
developing fetus
*Spontaneous abortion
*Birth defects

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10
Q

classification of vitamin D

A

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) & Vitamin D2 (Ergocalciferol)

11
Q

Ergocalciferol (D2)

A

is synthesized in plant and fungi when ergosterol undergoes photolysis under UV light

12
Q

Cholecalciferol (D3)

A

is synthesized in skin of animals by photolysis of 7-dehydrocholesterol

13
Q

Bioactivation occurs through 2 steps

A
  • Hydroxylation in liver produces calcidiol
  • Hydroxylation in kidney produces calcitriol
14
Q

Functions of vitamin d

A

i. Maintains structural integrity of bones & bone growth by regulating use of calcium + phosphate (bone turnover) (Calcitriol)

ii. Maintains serum Ca and P homeostasis

iii. Play a role in immune function and protection from chronic diseases

15
Q

Vitamin D sources

A

Fortified foods (milk and orange juice)
* Fish liver oil = Cod liver oil contains over 1000IU/tablespoon
* Fatty fish (salmon, tuna)
* Liver, beef
* Sunlight exposure = 5-30 minutes in direct sunlight at mid-day
* Supplements

16
Q

avsorption, transprot and storage

A

Absorptive cells: incorporated
into chylomicrons – Enter lymphatic systems – Enter plasma by transcalciferin – Stored in the liver (little)

17
Q

toxicity

A

only occurs when you take more than 40 000IU of vitamin D per day over a long period of time

18
Q

Effects of Vitamin D Toxicity

A
  • Loss of appetite
  • weight loss
  • anorexia
  • muscle fatigue and weakness
  • vomiting
  • cramping
  • constipation
  • frequent thirst and urination
19
Q

rickets

A

*Softening of bones due to insufficient vitamin D
*Sufficient collagen, lack calcium
*Cause bow and fractures

20
Q

Vit E: Classification

A

tocopherol, Tocotrienol

21
Q

Absorption of vit e

A

Absorbed in the upper small intestine by
micelle-dependent diffusion

22
Q

Storage of vit e

A

membranes and adipose tissues

23
Q

excretion

A

feces and urine

24
Q

functions of vit e

A

Antioxidant in the cell

25
Q

how vit e is antioxidant in the cell

A

 Prevent oxidative degradation by ROS
 Protects PUFAs
 How: As a membrane free radical scavenger (donate H atom)
 Involving SOD, GPX and catalase (enzyme)
 Reduce oxidative stress

26
Q

Functions of vit e other than antioxidant

A

Inhibits platelets aggregation (clot)
Enhances vasodilation

27
Q

Toxicity of vit e

A

 Decrease the body’s ability to use other
fat-soluble vitamins
 Impaired blood clotting

28
Q

deficiencies of vit e

A

Loss of muscle coordination, vision, immune functions
Hemolytic anemia in children
Premature infants
Male infertility (animal study)

29
Q

Vit K: Classification

A

Vitamin K1 (Philloquinones) / Vitamin K2 (Menaquinones) / Vitamin K3 (Meadione)

30
Q

Absorption, Transportation and storage of k1

A

By an energy-dependent process in the small
intestine

30
Q

Absorption, Transportation and storage of k2 and k2

A

By passive diffusion in the small
intestine

31
Q

Functions of vit k

A

Aids in blood clotting

31
Q

absorption

A

Incorporated into chylomicrons in the lymph
, then into liver , into VLDL and into peripheral tissues

32
Q

how vit k Aids in blood clotting

A

 Initiates the healing process by slowing and stopping the bleeding
 Given to patients before surgery to prevent excessive bleeding
 Vitamin K is the coenzyme to Vitamin K-dependent coagulation proteins in the blood coagulation cascade known as factors II, VII, IX, and X

33
Q

how vit k Aids in Ca absorption

A

 Aids in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis and the loss of bone density

 Vitamin K activates a protein called osteo-calcin which is responsible for building and maintaining strong bone tissue

 Vitamin K’s role is enhanced when taken with Vitamin D and magnesium which helps maintain healthy bones

34
Q

sources of vit k

A

Dark green vege, dairy products, meat, eggs, fruits and cereals

35
Q

Deficiencies of vit k

A

Hemorrhage (bleeding from ruptured blood vessels)
Heavy menstrual bleeding
Hip fractures

327 nutrition (11 decks)

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