Nutritional-considerations-of-infants-young-children-and-adolescents Flashcards
Dietary reference values?
- Estimated average requirement (EAR): used for energy requirements of a population, about 1/2 the population will need more energy than the EAR and 1/2 will need less
- Reference nutrient intake (RNI): amount of a nutrient (e.g. protein, minerals) that will be sufficient for 97.5% of the population
- Lower reference nutrient intake (LRNI): amount of a nutrient sufficient for the 2.5% of the population with the lowest needs
Malnutrition?
Malnutrition: deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in individuals’ intake or energy and/or nutrients
What does malnutrition cause?
Undernutrition
Micronutrient-related
Overweight, obesity and diet-related NCD
What is undernutrition?
- Wasting: low weight for height
- Stunting: low height for age
- Underweight: low weight for age
Micronutrient-related
- Micronutrient deficiencies (lack important vitamins and minerals)
- Micronutrient excess
Overweight, obesity and diet-related NCD?
- Overnutrition
- Heart disease, diabetes, cancer, stroke
Protein requirement?
- Reference Nutrient Intake (RNI) for protein ranges from 12.7g to 14.5g per day for infants ages 4 to 18 months
- Intake is commonly more than the RNI
Energy requirements?
Calculating energy reference values
- 0-12 months - energy deposited in new tissue + TEE
- 1-18 years - physical activity + BMR
Percentage of boys + girls exceeding the EAR for energy
- Intake is commonly significantly more than the EAR
Sodium?
Intake is commonly significantly more than the RNI
Iron?
- Healthy term infants of normal birthweight have little or no need for exogenous iron for around the first 6 months of life - endogenous iron is adequate
- Intake is commonly adequate
Calcium?
- Calcium requirements during infancy reflect the need to achieve normal growth and bone mineralisation
- Essential in: teeth and bone mineralisation, nerve impulse transmission, wound healing, cellular metabolism and muscle contraction
- Intake is commonly adequate
Fruite and vegetables?
Latest survey suggests only around ~15% (16% girls and 15% boys) of children eat 5 portions of fruit and veg a day in Scotland
10% f 2-15yrs old eat no fruit and veg
Milk feeding?
Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of an infant’s life
What is weaning?
introducing your baby to solid foods alongside their usual breast milk or infant formula.
Complementary feeding (weaning)?
- Most infants should not start solid foods until around age 6 months
- Breast milk, infant formula and water should be the only drinks offered after 6 months
- No unmodified cow’s milk to be given as main drink under 12 months
- The Department of Health recommends vegetables, baby rice mixed with milk, and fruit as first foods
- Sugar and salt should not be added; salty foods should be avoided and frequent intake of foods and drinks high in sugar should be limited
- Foods that may cause allergies should be introduced one at a time e.g. cereals with gluten, eggs, nuts
- Give foods rich in absorbable iron regularly e.g. red meat, canned fish, wellcooked eggs
- Give low-sugar breakfast cereal fortified with iron
- Avoid whole nuts and seeds until 5 year
- Food should be given in amounts, frequency, consistency and using a variety of foods to cover the nutritional needs of the growing child whilst breastfeeding
- 2-3 times a day from 6-8 months
- 3-4 times a day between 9-11 months & 12-14 months plus nutritious snacks
- Teeth should be cleaned gently twice per day as soon as they appear using 1000ppm fluoride toothpaste
