Nutritional Aspects of CVD Flashcards
What is the main cause of coronary heart disease?
Atherosclerosis
What causes haemorrhagic stroke?
Rupture of the arterial wall due to aneurysm or wall diseas
Which bacteria causes rheumatic Heart Disease?
Streptococcal bacteria
LDL?
thankshigherandadvancedhigherhealthandfoodtech
Low density lipoprotein
What triggers endothelial cell dysfunction?
Infection
High BP
What does LDL oxidation trigger?
Recruitment of monocytes from the circulation
What are some of the main risk factors for coronary heart disease?
Diet
Obesity
Hypertension
Insulin resistant diabetes
Activity level
Smoking
Alcohol
Genetics
Infant and foetal growth
Which parts of diet contribute to CHD?
Excess energy intake and diet composition
List the Pro-atherogenic components of diet which can lead to CHD.
Cholesterol
Saturated FA
Trans FA
Sodium
Alcohol
List the non-atherogenic components of diet which can lead to CHD.
PUFA- polyunsaturated fatty acids
Carbohydrate rich diet
NSP- non starch polysaccarides, or fibre
MUFA- monounsaturated fatty acids
Antioxidant
Phytochemicals
What is plasma concentration influenced by?
By fat content and quality in the diet
Is HDL a risk factor for CHD?
Yes, but lower risk and only when there is also high LDL.
Where would you find saturated fatty acids?
Palm oil, butter
High levels of saturated fat increases what?
Cholesterol levels
What do saturated fatty acids act on?
LDL receptors causing inhibition and suppression
How much saturated fat should men have?
No more than 30g/day
How much saturated fat should women have?
No more than 20g/day
What % reduction is there in the risk of CHD when replacing 1% of saturated fat intake w unsaturated fat?
2-3%
What % of food energy should come from saturated fat at most?
11%
What % reduction is there in the risk of CHD when replacing 1% of trans fatty acid intake w unsaturated fat?
12%
What are the current recommendations surrounding trans fatty acids?
No more than “% of total food energy should come from trans fatty acids
Which foods contain trans fatty acids?
Highly processed foods
Some dairy products
What do trans fatty acids do?
Raise LDL cholesterol and plasma triglyceride
Lower HDL
Is sodium atherogenic?
No
What affect on the heart does sodium have?
Influences thrombosis by it’s effect on BP
What is the recommendations surrounding salt intake?
No more than 6g/person/day
What can lower BP?
Reduce sodium intake and increase potassium
How much alcohol would be enough to raise BP?
30 units / week
Where would you find polyunsaturated fatty acids?
Sunflower oil
What does eating polyunsaturated fatty acids do?
Lowers LDL but also HDL
Which foods would you find monounsaturated fatty acids?
Olive oil
What would happen if you swapped your saturated fat intake with an unsaturated fat, containing oleic acid?
Decrease total cholesterol and LDL
Which two types of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids can you get?
Marine based
Plant based
What do the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids do?
Lower triglyceride levels
Minimal effects of LDL and HDL
Also have anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic properties.
Does a high carb diet increase or decrease risks of CHD? Why?
Decreases
Reduces fat intake so reduces CHD
What are the recommendations regarding free sugars?
No more than 5% of total food energy
Describe the effect of NSP high diet.
Lowers risks of CHD
Helps reduce cholesterol levels
Benefits gut health
What are antioxidants?
Antioxidants are essential components of the cellular defence against activated oxygen species
Give some examples of antioxidants.
Vitamins CE
Selenium, zinc, manganese
->technically A too
What does a high intake of vitamins C and E, fruit and veg do?
Lowers risk of CHD
What is the effect of omega3 on CHD?
Reduces risks of CHD
What are the recommendations for n-3 PUFA (omega 3, marine based polyunsaturated fatty acids)?
2 portions of fish /week
1 should be oily
Which fish are high in omega 3?
Salmon, mackerel, trout
List some whole grains :) i’m loving this lecture sm
Oats
Quinoa
Spelt
Barley
Brown rice
Whole wheat
Popcorn
etc.
The more refined the flour…?
The less nutrients
Why will white flour contain higher levels of iron, andthiamin and riboflavin?
Because it is fortified
Which soluble fibre is found in wholegrains like wheat, oats and barely?
Beta glucan
What are some other dietary components which are potentially important for cardiac health?
Vitamin D
Carotenoids
Phytochemicals
How much fibre should you have per day?
30-40g
