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Year 1-Cardiovascular System > ECG's > Flashcards

ECG's Flashcards

1
Q

How many limb leads are there in an ECG?

A

3
Lead I
Lead II
Lead III

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2
Q

How many augmented leads are there in ECG?

A

3

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3
Q

Name the three augmented leads in ECG.

A

aVR, aVL and aVF

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4
Q

How many chest leads are there in ECG?

A

6
V1-6

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5
Q

What do standard limb leads look at?

A

Events in the vertical or frontal plane

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6
Q

Where does standard limb lead one (SLL1) record?

A

Right arm to left leg

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7
Q

Where does standard limb lead two (SLL2) record?

A

Left leg to right arm

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8
Q

Where does standard limb lead three (SLL3) record?

A

Left arm to left leg

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9
Q

Which events are transmitted well and show clearly on ECG?

A

Fast events- depolarisation and repolarisation of the AP

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10
Q

Which events are transmitted poorly and don’t show up on ECG?

A

Slow events e.g. the plateau of the AP

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11
Q

In the SLL2, what will a wave of depolarisation approaching the electrode in the left leg do?

A

Cause a a positive potential relative to the electrode in the right arm.

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12
Q

In the SLL2, what will a wave of depolarisation going away from the electrode in the left leg cause?

A

A negative potential relative to the electrode in the right arm

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13
Q

In the SLL2, what will wave of repolarisation approaching the electrode in the left leg cause?

A

A negative potential relative to the electrode in the right arm

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14
Q

In the SLL2, what will a wave of repolarisation going away from the electrode in the left leg cause?

A

A positive potential relative to the electrode in the right arm.

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15
Q

RECAP- what does the P wave represent?

A

Atrial depolarisation

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16
Q

RECAP- what does the QRS complex represent?

A

Ventricular depolarisation

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17
Q

RECAP- what does the T wave represent?

A

Ventricular repolarisation

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18
Q

What is meant by the PR interval?

A

Measurement from the start of the P wave to the start of the QRS complex

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19
Q

What does PR interval measure?

A

Time from atrial depolarisation to ventricular depolarisation

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20
Q

How long is PR interval usually?

A

0.2 seconds

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21
Q

What is the time taken for the QRS complex used to measure?

A

Time for the whole of the ventricle to depolarise

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22
Q

What does the QT interval measure?

A

Time for ventricles to depolarise and repolarise

23
Q

What is the average QT interval?

A

0.42 s at 60 bpm but varies with heart rate

24
Q

Why can’t you see atrial repolarisation on SLL2 ECG?

A

Because atrial repolarisation coincides with ventricular depolarisation.

->Ventricular depolarisation involves much more tissue depolarising much faster so it swamps any signal from atrial repolarisation.

25
Q

Okay so what also occurs when ventricular depolarisation occurs?

A

Atrial repolarisation.

26
Q

What happens during depolarisation of the ventricle?

A

Different parts of the ventricle depolarise at different times and at different directions.

27
Q

Which part of the ventricle depolarises first?

A

Interventricular septum - from left to right

28
Q

Which part of the ventricle depolarises second?

A

Bulk of the ventricle- from the endocardial to the epicardial surface

29
Q

Which part of the ventricle depolarises third?

A

Upper part of the interventricular septum

30
Q

Is the action potential longer in endocardial or epicardial cells?

A

Endocardial cells

31
Q

Why is the R wave bigger in SLL II than in SL I or SLL III?

A

Because the main vector of depolarisation is in line with the axis of recording from the left leg with respect to the right arm.

32
Q

What extra information do the augmented limb leads give you?

A

By recording from one limb lead with respect to the other two combined, it gives you 3 other perspective on events in the heart

33
Q

How is aVR recorded?

A

Recorded from the right arm with respect to the left arm and the left leg.

34
Q

How is aVF recorded?

A

From the left leg relative to the right arm and the left arm.

35
Q

How is aVL recorded?

A

From the left arm relative to the right arm and the left leg.

36
Q

What do precordial chest leads do?

A

Measure electrical events in the heart but on the transverse plane.

37
Q

Compare limb leads and precordial chest leads.

A

Limb leads look at the spread of depolarisation (and repolarisation) from 6 angles in the frontal plane, and the precordial leads look at the same events from 6 angles in the transverse plane.

38
Q

Which standard limb line does the rhythm strip reading come from?

A

SLL2

39
Q

What speed does the paper for an ECG run at?

A

25 mm/s

40
Q

How can you check the paper is running at the right speed?

A

Look at the calibrating pulse
It should be 0.2 seconds (the length of one big square).

41
Q

What can the rhythm strip be used to calculate?

A

Heart rate

42
Q

Describe the two ways you can measure heart rate from the rhythm strip.

A

Measure the RR interval and work out how many occur in 60 .
OR
Count the R waves in 30 large squares (= 6 s) and multiply by 10

43
Q

Define bradycardia

A

HR below 60 bpm

44
Q

Define tachycardia

A

HR above 100 bpm

45
Q

What other questions should you ask yourself when looking at an ECG rhythm strip?

A

Is each QRS complex preceded by a P wave?
Is the PR interval too short (<0.12 s) or too long (>0.2 s)?
Is the QRS complex too wide (>0.12 s)?
Is the QT interval too long (>0.42 s at 60 bpm)?

46
Q

What does STEMI stand for?

A

ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

47
Q

What does NSTEMI stand for?

A

Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction

48
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack

49
Q

What may elevation of the ST segment mean?

A

Something is seriously wrong.
Indication of how serious the MI was.

50
Q

Which is more serious- STEMI or NSTEMI?

A

STEMI

51
Q

Use this link for a quiz/revision on ECG :)

A

http://ajames131.wix.com/ecginterp

52
Q

Which leads of the ECG look at the heart in the frontal plane?

A

I, II, III, aVR, aVF, aVL

53
Q

Which leads of the ECG look at the heart in the horizontal plane?

A

V1-6

Year 1-Cardiovascular System (41 decks)

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