Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 1-Cardiovascular System > Acute Coronary Syndromes: Presentation & Management > Flashcards

Acute Coronary Syndromes: Presentation & Management Flashcards

1
Q

How significant is coronary heart disease in terms of deaths in Scotland?

A

2nd highest cause in deaths in Scotland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the two things which influence coronary heart disease?

A

Genetics
Lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is an acute coronary syndrome?

A

New onset of a collection of symptoms related to a problem with the coronary arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which tissue does the coronary arteries supply?

A

Heart muscle- myocardial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does an acute coronary syndrome cause?

A

Myocardial ischaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can prolonged ischaemia cause?

A

Myocardial infarction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Give two examples of conditions which fall under the category of acute coronary syndromes.

A

MI
Unstable angina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Compare an acute coronary syndrome to stable angina.

A

Unpredictable
May occur at rest

->angina is not present at rest, only upon exertion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

RECAP- name the three levels of bloods vessels

A

Intima (internal)
Media
Adventitia (external)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does a fibrous cap serperate?

A

Blood and fatty material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

In acute coronary syndromes, the plaques are unstable.
What does this mean?

A

Fibrous layer is thin- blood may get exposed to the fatty material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

RECAP- what can form when the blood and fatty acid make contact?

A

A thrombus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the indicators of cardiac cell death?

A

Elevation of cardiac biomarkers

AND one of:
symptoms of ischaemia
new ECG changes
evidence of coronary problem on coronary angiogram or autopsy
evidence of new cardiac damage on another test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does troponin do in cardiac cells?

A

Connects actin and myosin
Calcium regulator for cardiac muscle contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are some of the non-cardiac causes of troponin rises?

A

Sepsis
Anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some of the cardiac causes of troponin rises?

A

Arrhythmia
Pulmonary embolism
Cardiac contusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is type 1 MI?

A

Spontaneous MI associated with ischaemia
Due to a primary event like plaque erosion, rupturing, fissuring or dissecting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a type 2 MI?

A

Due to an imbalance in the supply and demand of oxygen.
Result of ischaemia but NOT ischaemia from thrombosis of the coronary artery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How do acute coronary syndromes typically present?

A

Chest pain
-> important in history to find out more about the pain

20
Q

RECAP- what are some of the cardiac risk factors?

A

Male
Age
Known heart disease
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
Diabetes
Smoker
Family history of premature heart disease

21
Q

What symptoms may indicate issues with LV function?

A

Swollen ankles or elevated venous pressure

22
Q

What investigations are carried out for someone with suspected acute coronary syndrome?

A

12 lead ECG
Bloods

23
Q

Which segment of the ECG is important in the assessment of patients with ischaemic heart disease?

A

ST segment

24
Q

What happens of ECG is a coronary artery is completely occluded?

A

Elevation of ST segment

25
Q

Name the two types of reperfusion therapy.

A

Mechanical
Phrarmacological

26
Q

Give an example of mechanical reperfusion therapy.

A

Balloons and stent

27
Q

Give an example of pharmacological reperfusion therapy.

A

Strong blood thinners

28
Q

What is the purpose of reperfusion therapy?

A

Restores blood flow

29
Q

Give an example of a strong blood thinning medication which can dissolve clots.

A

Thrombolysis

30
Q

What is one of the risks of thrombolysis?

A

Bleeding

31
Q

When would you not give a patient thrombolysis?

A

If they have had a recent stroke or ever had an intracranial bleed.

32
Q

When would you be cautious about giving a patient thrombolysis?

A

If they have had recent surgery, are on warfarin or have server hypertension.

33
Q

What is the general rule for treatment of a STEMI?

A

If cath lab is less than two hours away, go there.
If not, use thrombolysis.

34
Q

What is one thing to remember when doing an ECG?

A

Consider if you should put leads on the back

35
Q

What does glycerol tinitrate do?

A

It is a vasodilator
Will not help if artery is fully blocked

36
Q

Which drug is commonly giving to stop blood clotting?

A

Aspirin

37
Q

Which enzyme does aspirin inhibit?

A

COX-1

hehe

38
Q

Which two types of anti-coagulant drugs are given to those with acute coronary syndromes?

A

Dual anti-platelet therapy
Anti-coagulant drugs

39
Q

What drugs fall under dual anti platelet therapy?

A

Aspirin

PLUS ONE OF:
Clopidogrel
Ticagrelor
Prasugrel

40
Q

Which drugs fall under the anti-coagulant drugs?

A

Heparin
LMWH
Fondaparinux:

41
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Reduce sympathetic drive so heart doesn’t have to work as hard
Reduces risks of further cardiac events in the long term.

42
Q

What do statins do?

A

Lower cholesterol

43
Q

What do ACE inhibitors do?

A

Help muscle to recover

44
Q

What are some of the risks of coronary angiograms and PCI?

A

Bleeding from arterial access site- less so on radial
Myocardial infarction
Coronary perforation
Emergency CABG
Stroke
Dye can affect kidney function

45
Q

What do you do in patients with ventricular fibrillation?

A

Shock them with a defibrillator or they will die

46
Q

What are some mechanical complications of those with acute coronary syndrome?

A

Myocardial rupture - bleed into pericardium – causes cardiac tamponade
Acute Ventricular Septal Defect
Mitral valve dysfunction due to papillary muscle rupture

Year 1-Cardiovascular System (41 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions