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Nutrition > Nutrition Vitamins and Trace Elements > Flashcards

Nutrition Vitamins and Trace Elements Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Micronutrient?

A

An organic compound essential in minute amounts to the growth and health of an animal

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2
Q

What is a Trace Element?

A

A chemical element present in minute quantities; one used by organisms and held essential to their physiology

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3
Q

What are EDNP foods?

A

Energy-dense, nutrient-poor

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4
Q

What are some EDNP food classes?

A

Visible fat (i.e. butter). Sweeteners. Desserts. Salty snacks. Miscellaneous (i.e. coffee, broth)

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5
Q

What is a major contributor to aging and associated degenerative diseases?

A

Mitochondrial decay

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6
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin A?

A

Retinol

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7
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin D?

A

Calciferol

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8
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin E?

A

Tocopherol

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9
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin K?

A

Phylloquinone/Phytol naphthoquinone

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10
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin C?

A

Ascorbic Acid

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11
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-1?

A

Thiamine

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12
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-2?

A

Riboflavin

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13
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-3?

A

Niacin

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14
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-5?

A

Paantothenic Acid

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15
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-6?

A

Pyridoxine

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16
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-7?

A

Biotin

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17
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-9?

A

Folic Acid

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18
Q

Whats the real name for Vitamin B-12?

A

Cobalamins

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19
Q

What is Vitamin C good for?

A

Formation of collagen, carnitine, hormone, and AA formation. Essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from burns. Aids in absorption of iron. Supports immune function. Antioxidant

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20
Q

What is Scurvy?

A

Vitamin C deficiency. Fatigue, weakness, depression, irritability, weight loss, vague myalgias, and arthralgias. Connective tissue defects (easy gum bleeds, rash, internal bleeding), impaired healing, defects in bone structures

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21
Q

What is the upper limit for Vitamin C?

A

2,000 mg/day

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22
Q

What is Vitamin B-1 good for?

A

Involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose and alcohol metabolism. Critical role in enzyme systems

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23
Q

What can Vitamin B-1 deficiency cause?

A

Cellular systems begin to fail. Eventually leads to cell death

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24
Q

What is Vitamin B-2 good for?

A

Involved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions

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25
Q

What can Vitamin B-2 deficiency cause?

A

Most common: Pallor and maceration of mucosa at: angles of mouth (angular stomatitis), vermilion surfaces of lips (cheilosis). Sore throat, lesions of lips and mucosa of mouth

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26
Q

What is Vitamin B-3 good for?

A

Vital in cell metabolism

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27
Q

What can Vitamin B-3 deficiency cause?

A

Pellegra: Three D’s. 1) Dermatitis (localized pigmented rash). 2) Diarrhea. 3) Dementia (Neurologic deficits, including cognitive decline

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28
Q

What are the different types of dosing for B-3 and what do they do?

A

Intermediate: 1,000mg decreases TG, increases HDL, mild LDL reduction. 3,000mg reduced LDL more (~20%)

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29
Q

What are some possible ADRs assocaited with B-3 (Niacin)?

A

Hepatotoxicity. May cause jaundice

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30
Q

What is Vitamin B-6 good for?

A

Metabolized in the body to pyridoxal phosphate, which acts as coenzyme in many important reactions in blood, CNS, and skin metabolism. Heme and nucleic acid biosynthesis. Lipid, CHO, and AA metabolism

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31
Q

What can Vitamin B-6 deficiency cause?

A

Peripheral neuropathy. Pallagra-like syndrome (Seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis). Anemia. Depression. Confusion. EEG abnormalities. Seizures

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32
Q

What are megadoses of Vitamin B-6 and what can they cause?

A

> 500 mg/day. Taken to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. May cause peripheral neuropathy with deficits in stocking-glove distribution. Recovery is slow, and for some patients it is incomplete

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33
Q

What is Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin) good for?

A

Nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, myelin synthesis and repair. Formation of normal RBCs

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34
Q

What are the primary dietary sources of Vitamin B-12?

A

Meats and dairy products

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35
Q

What is needed for Vitamin B-12 absorption?

A

Acid environment (stomach): breaks down Vitamin B-12 bound to food

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36
Q

What can Vitamin B-12 deficiency cause?

A

Anemia. Peripheral neuropathy. Depression, psychosis. Fractures, osteoporosis

37
Q

What are the symptoms of Vitamin B-12 deficiency?

A

Loss of appetite. Diarrhea. Numbness and tingling of hands and feet. Paleness. SOB. Fatigue. Weakness. Sore mouth and tongue. Confusion or change in mental status in severe or advanced cases. Orthostatic Hypotension

38
Q

Who is at risk for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?

A

Elderly (> 60-65 years). H2-blockers, PPIs. Metformin. Gastric surgery. Ileal surgery

39
Q

What can be tested to determine Vitamin B-12 deficiency?

A

MMA level more sensitive in diagnosis of Vitamin B-12 deficiency than measurement of Vitamin B-12 alone

40
Q

What is the initial therapy for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?

A

Oral: 1,000-2,000 mcg per day x 1-2 weeks (IM 100-1,000 mcg every day or every other day x 1-2 weeks)

41
Q

What is the maintenance therapy for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?

A

Oral: 1,000 mcg per day for life (IM 100-1,000 mcg every 1-3 months for life)

42
Q

What can Folate deficiency cause?

A

May cause glossitis, diarrhea, depression, confusion

43
Q

What does Biotin do?

A

Acts as coenzyme for carboxylation reactions essential to fat and carbohydrate metabolism (most MV supplements do not contain 100% DV for biotin)

44
Q

What does Pantothenic acid do?

A

Essential component of coenzyme A. Beneficial role for supplementation in lipid metabolism, RA, or athletic performance remains unproved

45
Q

What can Vitamin E deficiency cause?

A

Fragility of RBCs and degeneration of neurons, particularly peripheral axons and posterior column neurons

46
Q

What are the main symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?

A

Hemolytic anemia. Nonspecific neurologic deficits

47
Q

What is the upper limit for Vitamin E?

A

Adults > 19 years: 1,000mg/day

48
Q

What is the most significant risk of Vitamin E supplementation?

A

Bleeding. Uncommon unless dose is > 1,000 mg/day or patient takes warfarin

49
Q

What enhances Vitamin K-1 absorption?

A

Dietary fat

50
Q

What is the difference between Vitamin K-1 and Vitamin K-2?

A

K-1 is dietary and comes from dark green vegetables. Vitamin K-2 is synthesized by bacteria in intestinal tract

51
Q

What does Vitamin K do?

A

Controls formation of coagulation factors II, VI, IX, and X in liver

52
Q

What do the actions of Vitamin K-dependent proteins require?

A

Calcium

53
Q

How is Vitamin K related to bone health?

A

Suboptimal Vitamin K can cause Low Bone Mineral Density, increased fracture risk

54
Q

What is the difference between Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3?

A

Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol): UV radiation of ergosterol, mushrooms, fortified foods, supplements. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol): synthesized in skin, foods of animal origin, fortified foods, supplements

55
Q

What are the sufficient and deficient Vitamin D levels?

A

Sufficient: > 30 ng/mL. Deficient: < 20 ng/mL

56
Q

What are some common things that can cause Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Low levels, living at higher latitudes (NOT altitudes) above ~35 degrees north gets little if any production during winter, and/or darker skin

57
Q

What time of day do you get little, if any, Vitamin D synthesis?

A

Early morning and late afternoon

58
Q

What is a common result of Vitamin D deficiency in newborns/infants/children?

A

Rickets

59
Q

What is the amount of Vitamin D that should be taken?

A

100% = 400 IU (10 mcg) on food labels. Adults should be getting 600 IUs, max 4,000

60
Q

Which type of Vitamin D is used in the 50,000 IU rx doses?

A

Ergocalciferol (D2)

61
Q

What do Retinoids refer to?

A

Vitamin A derivatives: Retinal (Vit A aldehyde), Retinoic acid (Vit A acid), Carotenoids

62
Q

What is Vitamin A essential for?

A

Visual function (formation of rhodopsin). Influences growth and tissue differentiation and is required for maintenance of epithelial cell integrity

63
Q

When is Vitamin A stored?

A

Normally, liver stores 80-90% of body’s vitamin A. Released into circulation bound to prealbumin and retinol-binding protein

64
Q

What are some characteristics of Carotenoids?

A

Antioxidant: neutralize reactive oxygen species (free radicals). Main dietary source of Vitamin A in humans (not able to make it). Vegetables and fruits most common source. Absorbed better when consumed with some fat

65
Q

What are the two classes of Carotenoids?

A

Xanthrophylls (Oxycarotenoids). Carotenes

66
Q

What are the Xanthophylls (Oxycarotenoids)?

A

Lutein. Zeaxanthin. Capsanthin. Canthaxanthin. Astaxanthin. Echionine. Beta-cryptoxantin

67
Q

What are the Carotenes?

A

Beta-carotene. Alpha-carotene. Gamma-carotene. Lycopene

68
Q

Which Carotenoids cannot be converted to retinol; no Vitamin A activity?

A

Lutein. Zeaxanthin. Lycopene

69
Q

Which foods contain significant amounts of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin?

A

Orange colored fruits and vegetables: carrots, apricots, mangoes, squash, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, pumpkin, etc

70
Q

What are some food sources that contain lycopene?

A

Tomatoes, guava, pink grapefruit, watermelon, papaya, apricots

71
Q

What carotenoids are found in egg yolk?

A

Lutein and Zeaxanthin

72
Q

What do Caroteniods do?

A

Protect cells from damaging effects of free radicals. Enhance functioning of immune system. Help reproductive system function properly. High consumption of foods containing carotenoids linked with reduced risk of several chronic health disorders

73
Q

Where is Zinc mainly contained?

A

Bones, teeth, hair, skin, liver, muscle, leukocytes, and testes

74
Q

What are the functions of Zinc?

A

Immunomodulating functions. Wound healing. Normal growth in children

75
Q

What are some consequences of Zinc deficiency?

A

Impaired immune function. Impaired wound healing. Dermatitis. Taste abnormalities. Diarrhea. Decreased serum alkaline phosphate. Behavioral changes, mental depression, mental apathy. Growth retardation

76
Q

What are the functions of Copper?

A

Immune function. Hemostasis (Fe absorption, Heme synthesis). Bone metabolism and turnover

77
Q

What can Copper deficiency cause?

A

Anemia. Changes in bone marrow. Neurologic (numbness, tingling, pain, etc). Skeletal demineralization. Loss of hair color

78
Q

What caution should there be with dental cream?

A

It is an unusual source of excess Zinc, leading to hypocupremia (low copper) and neurologic disease

79
Q

How are soft drinks related to copper insufficiency?

A

Fructose moiety of sucrose appears to be responsible for interference with copper metabolism

80
Q

What can Chromium deficiency cause?

A

Hyperglycemia. High TGs. Weight loss. Peripheral neuropathy

81
Q

What does Selenium do?

A

Immune function (maintains immune status). Maintains antioxidant defense systems. Controls intracellular redox potential. Decreases CV and muscle disorders. Thyroid hormone metabolism. Male reproduction

82
Q

What are the consequences of Selenium toxicity?

A

“Garlic” breath. Brittle hair. White-patched/brittle nails. Skin rash. Impairment of natural killer cells activity. Hepatotoxicity. GI disturbances. Neurotoxicity

83
Q

What does Maganese do?

A

Necessary for healthy bone structure

84
Q

What can Maganese toxicity cause?

A

Parkinsonian-like neurological symptoms

85
Q

What is Molybdenum?

A

Component of coenzymes necessary for activity of xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase

86
Q

What can Molybdenum deficiency cause?

A

Mental retardation, seizures, opisthotonus, lens dislocation

87
Q

What does Fluorine do?

A

Contained in bones and teeth, deficiency can lead to dental caries and possibly osteoporosis

88
Q

What does Iodine do?

A

Involved primarily in synthesis of 2 thyroid hormones, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

Nutrition (10 decks)

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