Nutrition Vitamins and Trace Elements Flashcards
1
Q
What is a Micronutrient?
A
An organic compound essential in minute amounts to the growth and health of an animal
2
Q
What is a Trace Element?
A
A chemical element present in minute quantities; one used by organisms and held essential to their physiology
3
Q
What are EDNP foods?
A
Energy-dense, nutrient-poor
4
Q
What are some EDNP food classes?
A
Visible fat (i.e. butter). Sweeteners. Desserts. Salty snacks. Miscellaneous (i.e. coffee, broth)
5
Q
What is a major contributor to aging and associated degenerative diseases?
A
Mitochondrial decay
6
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin A?
A
Retinol
7
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin D?
A
Calciferol
8
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin E?
A
Tocopherol
9
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin K?
A
Phylloquinone/Phytol naphthoquinone
10
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin C?
A
Ascorbic Acid
11
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-1?
A
Thiamine
12
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-2?
A
Riboflavin
13
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-3?
A
Niacin
14
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-5?
A
Paantothenic Acid
15
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-6?
A
Pyridoxine
16
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-7?
A
Biotin
17
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-9?
A
Folic Acid
18
Q
Whats the real name for Vitamin B-12?
A
Cobalamins
19
Q
What is Vitamin C good for?
A
Formation of collagen, carnitine, hormone, and AA formation. Essential for wound healing and facilitates recovery from burns. Aids in absorption of iron. Supports immune function. Antioxidant
20
Q
What is Scurvy?
A
Vitamin C deficiency. Fatigue, weakness, depression, irritability, weight loss, vague myalgias, and arthralgias. Connective tissue defects (easy gum bleeds, rash, internal bleeding), impaired healing, defects in bone structures
21
Q
What is the upper limit for Vitamin C?
A
2,000 mg/day
22
Q
What is Vitamin B-1 good for?
A
Involved in carbohydrate, fat, amino acid, glucose and alcohol metabolism. Critical role in enzyme systems
23
Q
What can Vitamin B-1 deficiency cause?
A
Cellular systems begin to fail. Eventually leads to cell death
24
Q
What is Vitamin B-2 good for?
A
Involved in carbohydrate metabolism as an essential coenzyme in many oxidation-reduction reactions
25
What can Vitamin B-2 deficiency cause?
Most common: Pallor and maceration of mucosa at: angles of mouth (angular stomatitis), vermilion surfaces of lips (cheilosis). Sore throat, lesions of lips and mucosa of mouth
26
What is Vitamin B-3 good for?
Vital in cell metabolism
27
What can Vitamin B-3 deficiency cause?
Pellegra: Three D's. 1) Dermatitis (localized pigmented rash). 2) Diarrhea. 3) Dementia (Neurologic deficits, including cognitive decline
28
What are the different types of dosing for B-3 and what do they do?
Intermediate: 1,000mg decreases TG, increases HDL, mild LDL reduction. 3,000mg reduced LDL more (~20%)
29
What are some possible ADRs assocaited with B-3 (Niacin)?
Hepatotoxicity. May cause jaundice
30
What is Vitamin B-6 good for?
Metabolized in the body to pyridoxal phosphate, which acts as coenzyme in many important reactions in blood, CNS, and skin metabolism. Heme and nucleic acid biosynthesis. Lipid, CHO, and AA metabolism
31
What can Vitamin B-6 deficiency cause?
Peripheral neuropathy. Pallagra-like syndrome (Seborrheic dermatitis, glossitis, cheilosis). Anemia. Depression. Confusion. EEG abnormalities. Seizures
32
What are megadoses of Vitamin B-6 and what can they cause?
> 500 mg/day. Taken to treat carpal tunnel syndrome. May cause peripheral neuropathy with deficits in stocking-glove distribution. Recovery is slow, and for some patients it is incomplete
33
What is Vitamin B-12 (Cobalamin) good for?
Nucleic acid metabolism, methyl transfer, myelin synthesis and repair. Formation of normal RBCs
34
What are the primary dietary sources of Vitamin B-12?
Meats and dairy products
35
What is needed for Vitamin B-12 absorption?
Acid environment (stomach): breaks down Vitamin B-12 bound to food
36
What can Vitamin B-12 deficiency cause?
Anemia. Peripheral neuropathy. Depression, psychosis. Fractures, osteoporosis
37
What are the symptoms of Vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Loss of appetite. Diarrhea. Numbness and tingling of hands and feet. Paleness. SOB. Fatigue. Weakness. Sore mouth and tongue. Confusion or change in mental status in severe or advanced cases. Orthostatic Hypotension
38
Who is at risk for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Elderly (> 60-65 years). H2-blockers, PPIs. Metformin. Gastric surgery. Ileal surgery
39
What can be tested to determine Vitamin B-12 deficiency?
MMA level more sensitive in diagnosis of Vitamin B-12 deficiency than measurement of Vitamin B-12 alone
40
What is the initial therapy for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Oral: 1,000-2,000 mcg per day x 1-2 weeks (IM 100-1,000 mcg every day or every other day x 1-2 weeks)
41
What is the maintenance therapy for Vitamin B-12 deficiency?
Oral: 1,000 mcg per day for life (IM 100-1,000 mcg every 1-3 months for life)
42
What can Folate deficiency cause?
May cause glossitis, diarrhea, depression, confusion
43
What does Biotin do?
Acts as coenzyme for carboxylation reactions essential to fat and carbohydrate metabolism (most MV supplements do not contain 100% DV for biotin)
44
What does Pantothenic acid do?
Essential component of coenzyme A. Beneficial role for supplementation in lipid metabolism, RA, or athletic performance remains unproved
45
What can Vitamin E deficiency cause?
Fragility of RBCs and degeneration of neurons, particularly peripheral axons and posterior column neurons
46
What are the main symptoms of Vitamin E deficiency?
Hemolytic anemia. Nonspecific neurologic deficits
47
What is the upper limit for Vitamin E?
Adults > 19 years: 1,000mg/day
48
What is the most significant risk of Vitamin E supplementation?
Bleeding. Uncommon unless dose is > 1,000 mg/day or patient takes warfarin
49
What enhances Vitamin K-1 absorption?
Dietary fat
50
What is the difference between Vitamin K-1 and Vitamin K-2?
K-1 is dietary and comes from dark green vegetables. Vitamin K-2 is synthesized by bacteria in intestinal tract
51
What does Vitamin K do?
Controls formation of coagulation factors II, VI, IX, and X in liver
52
What do the actions of Vitamin K-dependent proteins require?
Calcium
53
How is Vitamin K related to bone health?
Suboptimal Vitamin K can cause Low Bone Mineral Density, increased fracture risk
54
What is the difference between Vitamin D2 and Vitamin D3?
Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol): UV radiation of ergosterol, mushrooms, fortified foods, supplements. Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol): synthesized in skin, foods of animal origin, fortified foods, supplements
55
What are the sufficient and deficient Vitamin D levels?
Sufficient: > 30 ng/mL. Deficient: < 20 ng/mL
56
What are some common things that can cause Vitamin D deficiency?
Low levels, living at higher latitudes (NOT altitudes) above ~35 degrees north gets little if any production during winter, and/or darker skin
57
What time of day do you get little, if any, Vitamin D synthesis?
Early morning and late afternoon
58
What is a common result of Vitamin D deficiency in newborns/infants/children?
Rickets
59
What is the amount of Vitamin D that should be taken?
100% = 400 IU (10 mcg) on food labels. Adults should be getting 600 IUs, max 4,000
60
Which type of Vitamin D is used in the 50,000 IU rx doses?
Ergocalciferol (D2)
61
What do Retinoids refer to?
Vitamin A derivatives: Retinal (Vit A aldehyde), Retinoic acid (Vit A acid), Carotenoids
62
What is Vitamin A essential for?
Visual function (formation of rhodopsin). Influences growth and tissue differentiation and is required for maintenance of epithelial cell integrity
63
When is Vitamin A stored?
Normally, liver stores 80-90% of body's vitamin A. Released into circulation bound to prealbumin and retinol-binding protein
64
What are some characteristics of Carotenoids?
Antioxidant: neutralize reactive oxygen species (free radicals). Main dietary source of Vitamin A in humans (not able to make it). Vegetables and fruits most common source. Absorbed better when consumed with some fat
65
What are the two classes of Carotenoids?
Xanthrophylls (Oxycarotenoids). Carotenes
66
What are the Xanthophylls (Oxycarotenoids)?
Lutein. Zeaxanthin. Capsanthin. Canthaxanthin. Astaxanthin. Echionine. Beta-cryptoxantin
67
What are the Carotenes?
Beta-carotene. Alpha-carotene. Gamma-carotene. Lycopene
68
Which Carotenoids cannot be converted to retinol; no Vitamin A activity?
Lutein. Zeaxanthin. Lycopene
69
Which foods contain significant amounts of beta-carotene, alpha-carotene, and beta-cryptoxanthin?
Orange colored fruits and vegetables: carrots, apricots, mangoes, squash, sweet potatoes, cantaloupe, pumpkin, etc
70
What are some food sources that contain lycopene?
Tomatoes, guava, pink grapefruit, watermelon, papaya, apricots
71
What carotenoids are found in egg yolk?
Lutein and Zeaxanthin
72
What do Caroteniods do?
Protect cells from damaging effects of free radicals. Enhance functioning of immune system. Help reproductive system function properly. High consumption of foods containing carotenoids linked with reduced risk of several chronic health disorders
73
Where is Zinc mainly contained?
Bones, teeth, hair, skin, liver, muscle, leukocytes, and testes
74
What are the functions of Zinc?
Immunomodulating functions. Wound healing. Normal growth in children
75
What are some consequences of Zinc deficiency?
Impaired immune function. Impaired wound healing. Dermatitis. Taste abnormalities. Diarrhea. Decreased serum alkaline phosphate. Behavioral changes, mental depression, mental apathy. Growth retardation
76
What are the functions of Copper?
Immune function. Hemostasis (Fe absorption, Heme synthesis). Bone metabolism and turnover
77
What can Copper deficiency cause?
Anemia. Changes in bone marrow. Neurologic (numbness, tingling, pain, etc). Skeletal demineralization. Loss of hair color
78
What caution should there be with dental cream?
It is an unusual source of excess Zinc, leading to hypocupremia (low copper) and neurologic disease
79
How are soft drinks related to copper insufficiency?
Fructose moiety of sucrose appears to be responsible for interference with copper metabolism
80
What can Chromium deficiency cause?
Hyperglycemia. High TGs. Weight loss. Peripheral neuropathy
81
What does Selenium do?
Immune function (maintains immune status). Maintains antioxidant defense systems. Controls intracellular redox potential. Decreases CV and muscle disorders. Thyroid hormone metabolism. Male reproduction
82
What are the consequences of Selenium toxicity?
"Garlic" breath. Brittle hair. White-patched/brittle nails. Skin rash. Impairment of natural killer cells activity. Hepatotoxicity. GI disturbances. Neurotoxicity
83
What does Maganese do?
Necessary for healthy bone structure
84
What can Maganese toxicity cause?
Parkinsonian-like neurological symptoms
85
What is Molybdenum?
Component of coenzymes necessary for activity of xanthine oxidase, sulfite oxidase, and aldehyde oxidase
86
What can Molybdenum deficiency cause?
Mental retardation, seizures, opisthotonus, lens dislocation
87
What does Fluorine do?
Contained in bones and teeth, deficiency can lead to dental caries and possibly osteoporosis
88
What does Iodine do?
Involved primarily in synthesis of 2 thyroid hormones, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
