Nutrition HW Calculation Questions Flashcards
In adipose tissue, what does insulin do to fat production and storage, as well as lipolysis?
Promotes fat production and storage, inhibits lipolysis
In adipose tissue, what does glycogen do to glycogenolysis?
Stimulates glycogenolysis
In skeletal muscle tissue, what does insulin do to glycogen synthesis and protein synthesis by ribosomes?
Enhances glycogen synthesis and increases protein synthesis by ribosomes
In skeletal muscle tissue, what does glucagon do to lactate and amino acids?
Causes them to be released
In the liver, what does insulin do to glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and glycogenolysis and gluconeogensis?
Increases glucose uptake, stimulates glycogen synthesis, and inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
In the liver, what does glucagon do to glycogenolysis?
Stimulates glycogenolysis
What is the dominant hormone during the first few hours after eating a meal?
Insulin
When pure carbohydrates are ingested, what happens to insulin concentrations?
Increase
When pure carbohydrates are ingested, what happens to glucagon and growth hormone concentrations?
Decrease
If pure protein is ingested, what happens to insulin concentrations?
Increase
If pure protein is ingested, what happens to glucagon and growth hormone concentrations?
Increase
If a mixed meal is eaten, what happens to insulin and glucagon concentrations?
There is only an increase in insulin levels; glucose output from the liver is inhibited and net hepatic uptake of glucose occurs
Within the first few hours after eating a meal, what is the main energy source for the body?
Glucose
What is the main energy source for the brain and the red blood cells?
Glucose
Several hours after eating a meal, during the post-absorptive fasting phase, what is the main energy source?
Hepatic glycogen, this becomes depleted within a few hours of fasting
What is the initial rapid weight loss that occurs during fasting or with low carbohydrate diet due to?
Loss of water from glycogen stores
During fasting, when the hepatic stores are depleted, where is the energy supplied for the brain and RBCs coming from?
Through the process of gluconeogensis
What are some alternative energy sources that some cells can adapt to?
Free fatty acids from adipose tissue stores and ketone bodies which are synthesized by the liver from free fatty acids
With prolonged starvation the rate of hepatic gluconeogenesis diminishes, what partially replaces them as fuel for the brain?
Ketone bodies partially replace glucose
Metabolic alterations in stress include increased sympathetic nervous system activity with elevations in circulating catecholamines, glucocorticoids, glucagon, and growth hormone. What does this cause glucose levels to do?
Increase as a result of gluconeogenesis
What happens to the normal metabolic adaptation to fasting when there is a decreased nutrient intake or total fasting occurring in patients with metabolic stress?
It does not develop
Insulin levels are normal or elevated despite fasting, reflecting a state insulin resistance that prevents insulin from concentrating the catabolic effects of the stress hormones. What does this cause glucose levels to do?
Increase
The antilipophylic action of insulin diminishes free fatty acid mobilization and?
Ketone body synthesis
How many cm. in an in.?
2.54
