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Nutrition > Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Parenteral Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is the advantage of using Glycerol over Dextrose?

A

Doesn’t stimulate Insulin release

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2
Q

How many Cals/gm does Dextrose have?

A

3.4

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3
Q

How many Cals/gm does Glycerol have?

A

4.32

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4
Q

How much do you need to limit dextrose to initially?

A

100-200g/day

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5
Q

What is the maximal glucose oxidation rate?

A

7-9mg/kg/min (need to make sure you administer below this, ~5-7mg/kg/min)

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6
Q

For patients previously treated with insulin or oral agents with fasting glucose > 150, what should the initial insulin dose be?

A

0.1 units insulin/gram dextrose (ex. 1L D25W/4.25% AA = 250gm dextrose, use 25 units of insulin)

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7
Q

How should you monitor someone on glucose infusion?

A

Monitor serum glucose levels daily, until stable. Monitor fingersticks for glucose Q4-6h around the clock (not AC and HS)

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8
Q

What are the goal levels for people on glucose infusion?

A

70-120 mg/dL

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9
Q

What are some potential contributing factors that can cause a patient to have hyperglycemia when on glucose infusion?

A

History of DM. Glucose intolerance. Pancreatic pathology. Metabolic stress (infections, sepsis, trauma). Glucose-containing dialysis therapy. Overfeeding with carbohydrates: all sources. Medications. Factitious hyperglycemia d/t site of blood sampling

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10
Q

What are the goals of intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients?

A

Maintain blood glucose at or below 110

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11
Q

What are some potential contributing factors for hypoglycemia in patients in the hospital?

A

Exogenous insulin administration. Reduction in dextrose administered without reduction in insulin administered via PN. Resolution of metabolic stress. Dosage reduction or discontinuation of medications that contribute to hyperglycemia. Renal dysfunction: prolonged insulin effect. Rebound hypoglycemia - related to abrupt discontinuation of high dextrose solution

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12
Q

What are potential complications of hypoglycemia?

A

Seizures. Coma. Death

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13
Q

What is the caloric density of 10% fat TPN?

A

1.1 Cal/mL

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14
Q

What is the caloric density of 20% fat TPN?

A

2.0 Cal/mL

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15
Q

What is the caloric density of 30% fat TPN?

A

3.0 Cal/mL

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16
Q

What are the essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic Acid –> arachidonic acid (omega-6). Linolenic Acid –> docosahexonoic acid (omega-3)

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17
Q

What are the Practice Recommendations for how many calories the fatty acids can contribute?

A

25-30% of nonprotein calories. 30-35% of total calories

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18
Q

What needs to be monitored while giving free fatty acids?

A

Serum triglyceride levels. Obtain baseline level prior to initiating PN. Follow-up levels at least once a week. Goal: TG < 400 (if TG > 400, reduce amount of lipid emulsion administered)

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19
Q

What can essential free fatty acid deficiency (EFAD) lead to?

A

Hair loss, desquamative dermatitis, thrombocytopenia

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20
Q

What are the Cals/gm in protein?

A

4.0 Cals/gm

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21
Q

How do you get the grams of nitrogen?

A

(grams protein) / 6.25

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22
Q

When might you need to reduce protein dose?

A

Renal dysfunction, if significantly elevated BUN and no dialysis. Hepatic dysfunction, if hepatic encephalopathy present

23
Q

What needs to be monitored while on protein infusion?

A

BUN, serum creatinine levels. Mental status for possible hepatic encephalopathy

24
Q

What are possible complications with protein infusion?

A

Increase in BUN level. Hepatic encephalopathy

25
Q

What can cause an increase in BUN level with protein infusion?

A

Renal dysfunction (decrease protein intake, dialysis therapy). Perenal Azotemia (hydration, decrease protein intake)

26
Q

What can cause Hepatic Encephalopathy with protein infusion?

A

Intolerance to protein load (decrease protein intake). Amino acid imbalance (consider use of hepatic AA solutions, avoid use of essential AA solutions)

27
Q

What Cations are used for electrolyte infusions?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium

28
Q

Which type of Calcium is used? Why?

A

Calcium Gluconate (Calcium chloride precipitates easily with phosphate)

29
Q

What Anions are used for electrolyte infusions?

A

Phosphate, Chloride, Acetate

30
Q

What is Refeeding Syndrome?

A

Related mainly to CHO load administered. Significant drops in K, Phos, Mg –> may lead to respiratory dysfunction, death. Initiate and increase PN cautiously for patients at risk. Monitor electrolytes closely, including phosphate. Supplement PRN. Do not increase PN rate (CHO load) until K, Phos, Mg levels corrected

31
Q

What electrolyte losses happen with gastric issues?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Chloride

32
Q

What electrolyte losses happen with small bowel issues?

A

Potassium, Magnesium, Bicarbonate

33
Q

What electrolyte losses happen with renal failure?

A

Potassium, Phosphate, Magnesium, Bicarbonate

34
Q

Which multivitamins should be given daily, unless otherwise clinically indicated?

A

Thiamine (B-1) 6mg. Folate 0.6mg. Ascorbic acid 200mg. Pyridoxine 6mg

35
Q

Why is Vitamin K not included in the usual MVI-12?

A

Because of its potential interactions with anticoagulation therapy

36
Q

What can happen to patients who have Thiamine (B-1) deficiency?

A

Lactic acidosis. Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Wet beribert (cardiac failure, edema). Dry beriberi (peripheral neuropathy, muscle wasting). Hyperglycemia. Possible death

37
Q

What are the common trace elements used?

A

Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Manganese, Selenium, Iodide, Molybdenum

38
Q

What happens with Zinc deficiency?

A

Skin lesions, dermatitis, alopecia, diarrhea, impaired wound healing, decreased serum alkaline phosphate, impaired white blood cell chemotaxis, impaired T lymphocyte function, behavioral changes

39
Q

What deficiency can be induced with Zinc supplementation?

A

Copper

40
Q

When do patients usually have an increased requirement for zinc?

A

With increased GI losses (e.g. diarrhea, fistula)

41
Q

When do patients usually have an increased requirement for copper?

A

Intestinal fluid losses

42
Q

What can Copper deficiency cause?

A

Anemia (microcytic, hypochromic), neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, skeletal demineralization in infants

43
Q

When do patients usually have an increased requirement for chromium?

A

Intestinal fluid losses may increase requirements

44
Q

What can chromium deficiency cause?

A

Impaired glucose tolerance, increased insulin requirements, high triglyceride levels, weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, metabolic encephalopathy-like confusional state

45
Q

When do patients usually have an increased requirement for Selenium?

A

Intestinal fluid losses may increase requirements

46
Q

What can Selenium deficiency cause?

A

Skeletal muscle weakness, tenderness, pain; cardiomyopathy; elevated transaminase, CPK levels; biochemical and functional abnormalities of erythrocytes and granulocytes; abnormalities in T lymphocyte function; loss of skin and hair pigmentation; whitened fingernail beds

47
Q

What are the four main trace elements used in TPN?

A

Zinc, Copper, Chromium, Manganese

48
Q

Which trace element should be avoided during bacterial infection?

A

Iron

49
Q

What complications might occur in patients receiving parenteral nutrition therapy?

A

Infections. Mechanical. Metabolic. Allergic reactions

50
Q

What are some of the mechanical complications that might occur in patients receiving parenteral nutrition therapy?

A

Pneumothorax. Arterial puncture. Catheter tip misplacement. Air embolism. Thrombosis. Phelbitis. Extravasation/infiltration

51
Q

What are some possible causes of hepatic dysfunction in patients receiving parenteral nutrition therapy?

A

Overfeeding with total calories. Overfeeding with carbohydrate calories. Essential fatty acid deficiency. Oxidative stress. Soybean based lipid emulsions. Micronutrient deficiencies

52
Q

What are some compatibility considerations when giving calcium and phosphate together?

A

pH. Amino acids (more AAs will decrease precipitation). Use proper calcium salt. Cooler temperature is less likely to precipitate

53
Q

What compatibility of sodium bicarbonate needs to be considered when given?

A

Do not add to PN formulations: use acetate salts instead, or separate IV infusion

Nutrition (10 decks)

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