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Nutrition > Nutrition Fluids and Stuff... > Flashcards

Nutrition Fluids and Stuff... Flashcards

1
Q

Under ordinary circumstances, what are the fluid requirements for adults?

A

30-35 mL/kg/day

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2
Q

Under ordinary circumstances, what are the fluid requirements for children?

A

50-60 mL/kg/day

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3
Q

Under ordinary circumstances, what are the fluid requirements for infants?

A

150 mL/kg/day

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4
Q

What can water intoxication lead to?

A

Hyponatremia, which can be life treatening

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5
Q

What is the kidney’s maximal excretion rate?

A

~0.7-1.0 L/hour

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6
Q

What is the best type of bottled water to drink?

A

High levels of Ca and Mg, low Na

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7
Q

What liquids are a good source of Phytochemicals, Polyphenols, and Flavonoids?

A

Tea (green is ideal)

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8
Q

What disease state can coffee and tea potentially prevent?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

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9
Q

What chemical compound does red wine have that can be protective against heart disease and stroke?

A

Bioflavonoids

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10
Q

What are the estimated minimum requirements in adults for sodium?

A

500 mg/day

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11
Q

What is the primary form of sodium in table salt?

A

Sodium Chloride

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12
Q

What is the primary form of sodium in MSG?

A

Monosodium Glutamate

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13
Q

What is there a potential for when restricting sodium intake?

A

Iodine deficiency, goiter, hypothyroidism (?)

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14
Q

How much sodium can be in a product for it to still claim that it’s “Sodium Free”?

A

Less than 5mg per standard serving; cannot contain any sodium chloride

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15
Q

Generally, how much sodium needs to bee in food for it to be considered “High in Sodium”?

A

> 400 mg/serving

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16
Q

What is the estimated minimum requirement in adults for potassium?

A

2,000mg

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17
Q

What can an insufficiency in potassium lead to?

A

Increased blood pressure

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18
Q

What are the functions of Calcium?

A

Bone and teeth formation and maintenance. Nerve impulse transmission. Muscle contraction. Blood clotting. Enzyme activation

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19
Q

When does most bone formation occur by?

A

Bone synthesis is predominate in children. Most bone formation occurs by about age 20 years

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20
Q

What is a quick and easy way to increase bone mineral density?

A

Increased Mg, K, and overall fruit and vegetable intake

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21
Q

What compounds can increase bone loss?

A

Caffeine, protein, Na, Phosphoric acid containing beverages (soda), Alcohol, Vitamin A

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22
Q

How can the GI tract increase/decrease calcium absorption?

A

Acid medium (duodenum) increases absorption; alkaline medium decreases absorption

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23
Q

What does high protein intake decrease Calcium?

A

High protein intake increases urinary excretion of calcium

24
Q

What is the normal recommended amount of calcium per day for adults?

A

1,000mg

25
Q

What is the upper level intake limit for calcium per day for adults?

A

2,500mg

26
Q

What is the main form of calcium salt used?

A

Calcium Carbonate

27
Q

How much elemental calcium is in Calcium Carbonate?

A

500mg/gm (20mEq/gm)

28
Q

What kind of calcium should be avoided since it may be contaminated with heavy metals?

A

Oyster shell, limestone, dolomite, bone meal products

29
Q

What is the best way to take calcium carbonate?

A

Requires gastric acid for absorption. Absorbed best when taken with food. Absorption greatest with doses of 500-600mg Calcium or less per dose

30
Q

What are some ADRs associated with taking calcium?

A

GI (constipation). Hypophosphatemia (if low dietary phosphate). Kidney stone formation. Hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency. Metastatic calcification in soft tissues. Prostate cancer. Cardiovascular events

31
Q

What are the characteristics of the absorption of Phosphorus?

A

Vitamin D helps. Most favorable absorption of inorganic phosphate takes place when calcium and phosphorus are ingested in approximately equal amounts

32
Q

What is the RDA of phosphorous for adults?

A

700mg/day

33
Q

What is the tolerable upper intake level for phosphorous in adults?

A

4,000mg/day

34
Q

What are some good dietary sources of phosphorous?

A

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs; milk and milk products

35
Q

What can a deficiency in phosphorous cause?

A

Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematological, and renal manifestations. Primarily result of decrease in ATP synthesis and other organic phosphate compounds

36
Q

What can phosphorous toxicity cause?

A

Widespread excessive calcification (bone, also in soft tissues such as kidneys). Hypocalcemic tetany

37
Q

What are the functions of Magnesium?

A

Energy metabolism (carbs, protein). Muscle contraction. Nerve impulse transmission. Cofactor in numerous enzyme systems. Inverse relationship between magnesium intake and sudden death

38
Q

What is absorption like for Magnesium?

A

Factors that increase absorption from upper intestine are similar to those governing calcium absorption. Vitamin D. High dietary intakes of calcium, phosphate, fat, protein, phytates may decrease magnesium absorption

39
Q

What is the RDA for magnesium in adult men?

A

400-420mg/day

40
Q

What is the tolerable upper intake level for magnesium in adult men?

A

350mg/day

41
Q

What is the RDA for magnesium in adult women?

A

310-320mg/day

42
Q

What is the tolerable upper intake level for magnesium in adult women?

A

310-320mg/day

43
Q

What are some good dietary sources of magnesium?

A

Nuts, legumes, seeds. Dark-green leafy vegetables. Seafood. Cocoa, chocolate

44
Q

What can an insufficiency of magnesium lead to?

A

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, HTN, arrhythmias, osteoporosis

45
Q

What can magnesium toxicity lead to?

A

Neuromuscular (muscle weakness). Cardiovascular (decreased BP, bradycardia, heart block, cardiac arrest). Hypocalcemia. Nausea, vomiting

46
Q

What are the functions of Iron?

A

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Immune function. Cognitive performance

47
Q

What is the absorption like for Iron?

A

Heme iron is more available than non-heme iron (in meats). Non-heme iron is in plant sources. Only about 5-`0% of dietary iron is absorbed (high if person was iron deficient)

48
Q

What can be taken with non-heme iron to help absorption?

A

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

49
Q

What are the iron requirements for adult males and females?

A

Males: 10mg/day. Females: 15mg/day (after menopause, 10mg/day)

50
Q

What are some good dietary sources of Iron?

A

Liver (best source). Oysters, shellfish, kidney, heart, lean meat, poultry, fish. Dried beans, legumes, dark green vegetables. Egg yolks, dried fruits, dark molasses, whole-grain and enriched breads, wines, cereals. Milk and milk products

51
Q

Why are enteric-coated and extended releases iron supplements not recommended?

A

May transport iron past duodenum and proximal jejunum, reducing absorption

52
Q

When should iron supplements be administered?

A

Between meals. May take w/ or after meals if necessary to minimize GI effects. Usually give 50-100mg TID

53
Q

How long do you usually need to treat severe iron deficiency?

A

For about 6 months

54
Q

What are the ADRs associated with Iron?

A

GI (constipation, dark stools).

55
Q

What are the main electrolytes that need to be replaced for diarrhea?

A

Sodium and Potassium

Nutrition (10 decks)

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