Nutrition Fluids and Stuff...

Question 1

Under ordinary circumstances, what are the fluid requirements for adults?

Answer 1

30-35 mL/kg/day

Question 2

Under ordinary circumstances, what are the fluid requirements for children?

Answer 2

50-60 mL/kg/day

Question 3

Under ordinary circumstances, what are the fluid requirements for infants?

Answer 3

150 mL/kg/day

Question 4

What can water intoxication lead to?

Answer 4

Hyponatremia, which can be life treatening

Question 5

What is the kidney’s maximal excretion rate?

Answer 5

~0.7-1.0 L/hour

Question 6

What is the best type of bottled water to drink?

Answer 6

High levels of Ca and Mg, low Na

Question 7

What liquids are a good source of Phytochemicals, Polyphenols, and Flavonoids?

Answer 7

Tea (green is ideal)

Question 8

What disease state can coffee and tea potentially prevent?

Answer 8

Type 2 Diabetes

Question 9

What chemical compound does red wine have that can be protective against heart disease and stroke?

Answer 9

Bioflavonoids

Question 10

What are the estimated minimum requirements in adults for sodium?

Answer 10

500 mg/day

Question 11

What is the primary form of sodium in table salt?

Answer 11

Sodium Chloride

Question 12

What is the primary form of sodium in MSG?

Answer 12

Monosodium Glutamate

Question 13

What is there a potential for when restricting sodium intake?

Answer 13

Iodine deficiency, goiter, hypothyroidism (?)

Question 14

How much sodium can be in a product for it to still claim that it’s “Sodium Free”?

Answer 14

Less than 5mg per standard serving; cannot contain any sodium chloride

Question 15

Generally, how much sodium needs to bee in food for it to be considered “High in Sodium”?

Answer 15

> 400 mg/serving

Question 16

What is the estimated minimum requirement in adults for potassium?

Answer 16

2,000mg

Question 17

What can an insufficiency in potassium lead to?

Answer 17

Increased blood pressure

Question 18

What are the functions of Calcium?

Answer 18

Bone and teeth formation and maintenance. Nerve impulse transmission. Muscle contraction. Blood clotting. Enzyme activation

Question 19

When does most bone formation occur by?

Answer 19

Bone synthesis is predominate in children. Most bone formation occurs by about age 20 years

Question 20

What is a quick and easy way to increase bone mineral density?

Answer 20

Increased Mg, K, and overall fruit and vegetable intake

Question 21

What compounds can increase bone loss?

Answer 21

Caffeine, protein, Na, Phosphoric acid containing beverages (soda), Alcohol, Vitamin A

Question 22

How can the GI tract increase/decrease calcium absorption?

Answer 22

Acid medium (duodenum) increases absorption; alkaline medium decreases absorption

Question 23

What does high protein intake decrease Calcium?

Answer 23

High protein intake increases urinary excretion of calcium

Question 24

What is the normal recommended amount of calcium per day for adults?

Answer 24

1,000mg

Question 25

What is the upper level intake limit for calcium per day for adults?

Answer 25

2,500mg

Question 26

What is the main form of calcium salt used?

Answer 26

Calcium Carbonate

Question 27

How much elemental calcium is in Calcium Carbonate?

Answer 27

500mg/gm (20mEq/gm)

Question 28

What kind of calcium should be avoided since it may be contaminated with heavy metals?

Answer 28

Oyster shell, limestone, dolomite, bone meal products

Question 29

What is the best way to take calcium carbonate?

Answer 29

Requires gastric acid for absorption. Absorbed best when taken with food. Absorption greatest with doses of 500-600mg Calcium or less per dose

Question 30

What are some ADRs associated with taking calcium?

Answer 30

GI (constipation). Hypophosphatemia (if low dietary phosphate). Kidney stone formation. Hypercalcemia and renal insufficiency. Metastatic calcification in soft tissues. Prostate cancer. Cardiovascular events

Question 31

What are the characteristics of the absorption of Phosphorus?

Answer 31

Vitamin D helps. Most favorable absorption of inorganic phosphate takes place when calcium and phosphorus are ingested in approximately equal amounts

Question 32

What is the RDA of phosphorous for adults?

Answer 32

700mg/day

Question 33

What is the tolerable upper intake level for phosphorous in adults?

Answer 33

4,000mg/day

Question 34

What are some good dietary sources of phosphorous?

Answer 34

Meat, poultry, fish, eggs; milk and milk products

Question 35

What can a deficiency in phosphorous cause?

Answer 35

Neuromuscular, skeletal, hematological, and renal manifestations. Primarily result of decrease in ATP synthesis and other organic phosphate compounds

Question 36

What can phosphorous toxicity cause?

Answer 36

Widespread excessive calcification (bone, also in soft tissues such as kidneys). Hypocalcemic tetany

Question 37

What are the functions of Magnesium?

Answer 37

Energy metabolism (carbs, protein). Muscle contraction. Nerve impulse transmission. Cofactor in numerous enzyme systems. Inverse relationship between magnesium intake and sudden death

Question 38

What is absorption like for Magnesium?

Answer 38

Factors that increase absorption from upper intestine are similar to those governing calcium absorption. Vitamin D. High dietary intakes of calcium, phosphate, fat, protein, phytates may decrease magnesium absorption

Question 39

What is the RDA for magnesium in adult men?

Answer 39

400-420mg/day

Question 40

What is the tolerable upper intake level for magnesium in adult men?

Answer 40

350mg/day

Question 41

What is the RDA for magnesium in adult women?

Answer 41

310-320mg/day

Question 42

What is the tolerable upper intake level for magnesium in adult women?

Answer 42

310-320mg/day

Question 43

What are some good dietary sources of magnesium?

Answer 43

Nuts, legumes, seeds. Dark-green leafy vegetables. Seafood. Cocoa, chocolate

Question 44

What can an insufficiency of magnesium lead to?

Answer 44

Increased risk of type 2 diabetes, HTN, arrhythmias, osteoporosis

Question 45

What can magnesium toxicity lead to?

Answer 45

Neuromuscular (muscle weakness). Cardiovascular (decreased BP, bradycardia, heart block, cardiac arrest). Hypocalcemia. Nausea, vomiting

Question 46

What are the functions of Iron?

Answer 46

Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Immune function. Cognitive performance

Question 47

What is the absorption like for Iron?

Answer 47

Heme iron is more available than non-heme iron (in meats). Non-heme iron is in plant sources. Only about 5-`0% of dietary iron is absorbed (high if person was iron deficient)

Question 48

What can be taken with non-heme iron to help absorption?

Answer 48

Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)

Question 49

What are the iron requirements for adult males and females?

Answer 49

Males: 10mg/day. Females: 15mg/day (after menopause, 10mg/day)

Question 50

What are some good dietary sources of Iron?

Answer 50

Liver (best source). Oysters, shellfish, kidney, heart, lean meat, poultry, fish. Dried beans, legumes, dark green vegetables. Egg yolks, dried fruits, dark molasses, whole-grain and enriched breads, wines, cereals. Milk and milk products

Question 51

Why are enteric-coated and extended releases iron supplements not recommended?

Answer 51

May transport iron past duodenum and proximal jejunum, reducing absorption

Question 52

When should iron supplements be administered?

Answer 52

Between meals. May take w/ or after meals if necessary to minimize GI effects. Usually give 50-100mg TID

Question 53

How long do you usually need to treat severe iron deficiency?

Answer 53

For about 6 months

Question 54

What are the ADRs associated with Iron?

Answer 54

GI (constipation, dark stools).

Question 55

What are the main electrolytes that need to be replaced for diarrhea?

Answer 55

Sodium and Potassium