Nutrition Lipids in Nutrition

Question 1

What are Trans Fatty Acids?

Answer 1

Unsaturated fatty acids. At least one double bond in TRANS configuration. Potential for closer packing or aligning of acyl chains. Reduced fluidity vs. cis double bond

Question 2

What are some common Saturated fats?

Answer 2

Palmitic acid. Stearic acid

Question 3

What are some common Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA)?

Answer 3

Omega-9, Oleic Acid (olive oil)

Question 4

What are some common Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA)?

Answer 4

Omega-6, Omega-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA))

Question 5

What are some food sources for Cis MUFAs?

Answer 5

Olive oil. Canola oil. Avocado. Almonds, hazelnuts, pecans

Question 6

What are some food sources for Omega-6 (n-6) PUFAs?

Answer 6

Linoleic acid (nuts, seeds, certain vegetables). y-Linolenic acid (evening primrose oil, black currant seed oil, borage oil). Arachidonic acid (meat, poultry, egg yolk, not from plants)

Question 7

What is Evening Primose Oil (EPO)?

Answer 7

Rich source of linoleic acid and y-linolenic acid. Can be used for chronic inflammation (atopic dermatitis, eczema, rheumatoid arthritis), women’s health conditions (breast pain, menopausal symptoms). Little evidence to support these uses

Question 8

What is Borage Oil?

Answer 8

Similar to EPO but lower percentage of linoleic acid and higher percentage of y-linolenic acid. Also can be used for Atopic dermatitis

Question 9

What are some food sources for Omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs?

Answer 9

Made by some plants. Soy bean oil, canola oil. Flaxseed oil. Green vegetables. Some fortified eggs. Some animal fat (grass-fed beef)

Question 10

When is a-Linolenic Acid (ALA) used?

Answer 10

Inefficient conversion in humans to EPA and DHA. Higher intake of ALA may be important for protection against heart disease in people who don’t eat much fish. Higher dietary intake of ALA: lower prevalence of insulin resistance in normal weight middle-aged Japanese men and women

Question 11

What is Flax?

Answer 11

Contains Lignans (phytoestrogen) (richest food source), a-linolenic acid, fiber. Lowers glucose and insulin. Lowers serum total and LDL cholesterol. Management of mild menopausal symptoms

Question 12

What are the consequences of inadequate intake of n-6 PUFAs?

Answer 12

Scaly skin rash. Increased transepidermal water loss. Reduced growtw

Question 13

What are the consequences of inadequate intake of n-3 PUFAs?

Answer 13

Reduction in visual function. Changes in learning behaviors

Question 14

What are the recommendations for linoleic acid (n-6 PUFA) intake for adults?

Answer 14

Men: 17g/day. Women: 12g/day

Question 15

What are the recommendations for a-linolenic acid (n-3 PUFA) intake for adults?

Answer 15

Men: 1.6g/day. Women: 1.1g/day

Question 16

What is Interesterified fat?

Answer 16

Trans fat substitute. Chemically modified oil. Blending fully hydrogenated oils (saturated fats) with un-hydrogenated oil’s (unsaturated fats). May be more harmful than trans fat

Question 17

How do you know by looking at the foods ingredients if it contains Interesterified fat?

Answer 17

“Interesterified”, “high in stearic acid”, “stearate rich”, “high stearate”

Question 18

Whats important about the n-6 vs. n-3 ratio?

Answer 18

High ratio thought to promote pathogenesis of may diseases. Lower ratio important for good health, improve diet by increasing n-3 and decreasing n-6

Question 19

How is n-3 related to cardiovascular health?

Answer 19

Moderate fish oil consumption decreases risk of: MI, sudden cardiac death, CHD, AF, death in patients w/ HF

Question 20

How is n-3 with pregnancy and infant development?

Answer 20

Required for normal conception, growth, and development of an embryo. Important in development of nervous system

Question 21

What are the benefits of n-3 during pregnancy and infant development?

Answer 21

Lower rates of preterm birth. Lower levels of postpartum depression. Reduction in development of childhood allergic diseases (i.e. asthma)

Question 22

What is the recommended daily intake of DHA during pregnancy?

Answer 22

200-300mg/day

Question 23

What should be done with PUFAs with diseases and conditions involving inflammation?

Answer 23

Increase n-3 intake, decrease n-6 intake

Question 24

How is n-3 related to depression?

Answer 24

Present knowledge base supports use in acute depression of omega-3 supplements (at least 60% EPA, ceiling around 2000 mg/day of EPA in excess of DHA)