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Nutrition > Nutrition Protein in Nutrition > Flashcards

Nutrition Protein in Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What is Transamination?

A

Aminotransferase enzymes in the liver transfer nitrogen between amino acids and carbohydrates through transamination. In this way, carbohydrates can be converted into amino acids and vice versa. Transaminases also plays a role in the synthesis of non-essential amino acids

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2
Q

What is the function of protein?

A

Production and maintenance of structural proteins. Production of enzymes and hormones. Production of transport proteins and lipoproteins. Production of antibodies

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3
Q

What are essential amino acids?

A

They have carbon skeletons that can only be obtained through the diet

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4
Q

What are Branched Cain Amino Acids (BCAAs)?

A

Important source of energy for muscles of stressed patients with hepatic encephalopathy. Normalization of BCAA levels promote protein synthesis and decrease plasma ammonia concentrations

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5
Q

What are the BCAAs?

A

Leucine, Isoleucine, and Valine

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6
Q

What are complementary proteins?

A

Refers to 2 or more incomplete protein sources that together provide adequate amounts of all essential amino acids

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7
Q

What is Net Protein Utilization (NPU)?

A

The amount of protein actually used by an organism

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8
Q

What is PDCAAS?

A

The standard method of evaluating the protein quality based on both the amino acid requirements of humans and their ability to digest them

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9
Q

What is Nitrogen Balance?

A

Body protein is continuously being degraded and resynthesized. Protein supplies nitrogen in the form of amino acids, according to the formula: Nitrogen (g) = protein (g) / 6.25

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10
Q

What is the Macronutrient Calorie Provision of Fat?

A

9 Cals/gm

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11
Q

What is the Macronutrient Calorie Provision of Carbohydrates?

A

4 Cals/gm

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12
Q

What is the Macronutrient Calorie Provision of Protein?

A

4 Cals/gm

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13
Q

What are the key nutrients for vegetarians?

A

Protein. Vitamin B-12. Omega-3 FA. Iron. Calcium. Vitamin D. Zinc

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14
Q

What is Kwashiorkor?

A

Protein malnutrition. Typically occurs in children < 4 years of age fed diets high in carbohydrates with little or no protein. Physical examination findings include: muscle wasting, pitting edema, distended abdominal, enlarged for fatty liver, preservation of visible fat stores

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15
Q

What is Marasmus?

A

Protein-energy malnutrition. A state of semi-starvation in those with limited access to food characterized by wasting of muscle mass and depletion of body fat stores. Seen in non-breastfed children given diluted infant formula. Most common form of protein-energy malnutrition

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16
Q

What is the physical examination finding in Marasmus?

A

Weight loss, bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia, muscle wasting, loss of visible fat stores, weakness and fatigue, frequent infections, thin dry skin, redundant skin folds cause by loss of fat

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17
Q

What makes amino acids categorized as conditionally indispensable?

A

1) They are synthesized from other amino acids that may be deficient in the diet. 2) They are synthesized in only a limited number of tissues that certain conditions may interfere with their synthesis. 3) Certain pathophysiological conditions can cause use of the amino acid to increase beyond the synthetic capacity of the organism. 4) Synthesis of amino acids become limiting for growth and physiologic function

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18
Q

What are the two main conditionally indispensable amino acids?

A

Arginine. Glutamine

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19
Q

What does Arginine do?

A

Associated with collagen synthesis and increased blood flow to wounds

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20
Q

When should Arginine be avoided?

A

In patients with history of acute MI

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21
Q

When should you use caution with Arginine?

A

ESLD and ESRD. Intestinal disease can interfere with arginine synthesis

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22
Q

What is Arginaid?

A

(L-Arginine) powder, dietary supplement used in management of venous ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and burns

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23
Q

What does Glutamine do?

A

The principal fuel source for the enterocytes and immune tissues (lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, leukocytes)

24
Q

What alters Glutamine production?

A

During catabolic states, the muscles production of glutamine increases due to activation of muscle protein breakdown. Decreased muscle mass may limit the amount of available during stress conditions

25
Q

What is Glutasolve?

A

Nutritional supplement designed to manage conditions associated with GI injury or disease

26
Q

How do protein requirements change with aging?

A

Efficiency of protein utilization decreases throughout adult life. During aging, there is an increased need for EAA to drive protein synthesis. The efficiency of EAA required to stimulate muscle protein synthesis is increased due to reduced anabolic stimulus of hormones. More total protein and higher protein quality is desired

27
Q

What is the role of protein in reducing the risk for osteoporosis?

A

Calcium supplements are largely ineffective for remodeling of the bone matrix when protein is in limited supply. Protein is now recognized to increase intestinal calcium absorption in addition to enhancing bone matrix turnover. The positive effects of calcium appear to require intakes of protein >1.2g/kg/day to have beneficial effects

28
Q

What is Sarcopenia?

A

Involuntary, progressive loss of lean muscle mass. Associated with decreased strength, functional impairment, frailty, falls, disability, loss of independence, decreased QOL.

29
Q

What are the 2 key contributors to muscle loss in older adults?

A

Inadequate protein intake and reduced physical activity

30
Q

What is the link between protein and satiety?

A

Protein has a more powerful effect on satiety than either fat or carbohydrate (increases appetite suppressing hormones (GLP-1 and CCK). Decrease appetite stimulating hormones)

31
Q

What is the rational behind Low Carb, High Protein (LCHP) diets?

A

Excess carbohydrates result in increased insulin levels which promotes storage of body fat. High protein, high fat diets induce metabolic ketosis and in turn induce quick weight loss

32
Q

How is the type of protein related to kidney stones?

A

A diet higher in vegetable protein significantly reduced the recurrence of kidney stone in high risk individuals

33
Q

Why is it a problem for some patients that protein diets tend to contain large quantities of purines?

A

In people who have gout, uric acid production in the body is high while its elimination is low. Purine is found mainly in animal protein and its transformed into uric acid in the body. Alternative sources of protein should be included in a purine-restricted diet

34
Q

What are the guidelines for the purine-restricted diet?

A

Purine restricted diet limits purine intake to 600-1000 mg/day. High purine foods contain 100-1000mg of purines per 3.5oz serving, these foods should be avoided in people with gout

35
Q

What are some foods that are high in purines?

A

Anchovies. Mushrooms. Asparagus. Muscles. Kidney, liver, heart

36
Q

What is the link between dairy and gout?

A

Higher levels of consumption of dairy products is associated with decreased risk of gout

37
Q

How can dietary protein affect levodopa?

A

High protein intake provides large neutral amino acids which compete with and inhibit the transport of levodopa across the BBB by the aromatic amino acid transporter. This leads to reduced brain dopamine formation from exogenous levodopa

38
Q

How can a change in protein diet affect “off periods” in advanced Parkinson’s Disease?

A

A low protein diet can benefit patients with Parkinson’s disease during treatment with levodopa by reducing unpredictable fluctuations in response. A protein redistribution diet, with protein restriction during the day and unrestricted intake near bedtime was found to be beneficial in 2/3 of patients in clinical studies

39
Q

What is Whey Protein?

A

A complete protein naturally found in dairy composed of numerous BCAAs, namely leucine. Composes 20% of the protein found in bovine milk. Classified as a “fast” protein due to its high digestibility

40
Q

How can Whey Protein be classified?

A

Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC). Whey Protein Isolate (WPI). Whey Protein Hydrosylate (WPH)

41
Q

Which Whey Protein is the “native whey” which is used in sports supplements?

A

Whey Protein Concentrate (WPC)

42
Q

Which type of Whey has low lactose content and is suitable for lactose intolerance?

A

Whey Protein Isolate (WPI)

43
Q

Which Whey Protein is refined and commonly used in infant formulas, medical protein supplements, and sports drinks?

A

Whey Protein Hydrosylate (WPH)

44
Q

What is the only legume that is considered complete protein?

A

Soybean

45
Q

How percentage of soybeans is protein?

A

50% protein, 24% carbohydrates, 25% oil

46
Q

Which bioactive molecules are found in soy?

A

Phytoestrogens. Isoflavones

47
Q

What are Isoflavones?

A

Possess properties (i.e. antifungal, antimicrobial, antioxidant) that enhance survival of the soybean

48
Q

What are the most significant dietary sources of isoflavones?

A

Soy beans and soy foods

49
Q

What are Genistein and Daidzein?

A

Found in high amounts in soybeans and soy products. Daidzein metabolite S(-) equol is a week estrogen receptor B-selective estrogen agonist

50
Q

What are the effects of soy protein WITH isoflavones on cholesterol?

A

Drop in LDL concentrations (~3%). No significant effects were evident for HDL or TG

51
Q

What are the effects of soy protein WITHOUT isoflavones on chilesterol?

A

The average change in LDL was 1-2% decrease. Changes in HDL and TG were insignificant

52
Q

What is Promensil?

A

For menopausal symptoms, a red clover isoflavone extract. Each tablet contains 40mg of isoflavones including daidzein and genestein. Can also be used for osteoporosis (usually lower dose)

53
Q

What are some noteable drug nutrient interactions involving soy isoflavone supplements?

A

Soy protein may decrease effectiveness of coumadin. Soy might competitively inhibit the effects of estrogen replacement. May inhibit thyroid hormone synthesis (may interfere with absorption of levothyroxine). High intakes of genistein can interfere with the antitumor effects of Tamoxifen (Nolvadex)

54
Q

What are the indications for Soy Formulas in infants?

A

Families that prefer to avoid animal products. Galactosemia. Lactose intolerant. Hereditary lactase deficiency

55
Q

What are the APP recommendations on milk selection for infant formulas?

A

Breast milk > milk based formulas > soy formula

Nutrition (10 decks)

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