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ACVIM General Boards - 2022 > Nutrition/metabolism > Flashcards

Nutrition/metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

How do bile salts and lecithin emulsify fat in the small intestine?

A

Decreases interfacial tension between fat globule and surrounding water, making it
easier to disperse with agitation

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2
Q

Pancreatic lipases are (water/fat) soluble?

A

Water soluble - therefore they can only act on the surface of the fat globule

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3
Q

When do fats become chylomicrons?

A

When they diffuse through luminal membranes into enterocytes, they become chylomicrons in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

What protein helps transform cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids into chylomicrons at the smooth ER?

A

Apoproteins

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5
Q

How are chylomicrons transported into circulation?

A

Too large for capillaries - Transported out of the cell by exocytosis into lymphatic vessels, then thoracic duct and lastly systemic circulation

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6
Q

What are the major combinations of fat and protein (lipoproteins) that travel through the blood and lymph?

A

 Chylomicrons
 Very low density lipoproteins (VLDL)
 Low density lipoproteins (LDL)
 High density lipoproteins (HDL)

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7
Q

What are the purposes of apolipoproteins?

A
  • Help keep lipoproteins soluble
  • Act as cofactors for some enzymes
  • Act as ligands
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8
Q

How are fats from chylomicrons absorbed into the cells?

A

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) cleaves triglycerides to free fatty acids and glycerol => free fatty acids dissolve into the cells

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9
Q

What happens to the chylomicrons that are not used in circulation?

A

Taken up by the liver and destroyed:
o These now have a much greater concentration of cholesterol
o Bind to receptors on endothelial cells in the liver sinusoids
o Mediated by apoprotein E

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10
Q

What is responsible for post-prandial hyperlipidemia?

A

Chylomicrons

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11
Q

What does pancreatic lipase do?

A

Transforms digested triglycerides into one monoglycerol and two free fatty acids by breaking ester bonds

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12
Q

What is contained within micelles in the intestine?

A

Monoglycerol
free fatty acids
Cholesterol
Fatty vitamines (A, E, D, K)

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13
Q

Where are VLDLs formed?

A

Formed in the liver from excess free fatty acids, made into triglycerides

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14
Q

What are VLDLs composed of?

A

Composed primarily of TGs, moderate amounts of cholesterol and phospholipids

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15
Q

How do VLDLs interact with cells in the body?

A

Lipoprotein lipase breaks it down and takes some triglycerides into the cell (for energy use or storage).

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16
Q

What do VLDLs become once some triglyceride is removed?

A

Intermediate density lipoprotein (IDL)

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17
Q

How are low density lipoproteins (LDL) formed?

A

LDLs are formed from VLDLs when triglycerides are removed completely

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18
Q

What is the purpose to LDLs?

A

Distribute cholesterol to tissues (they don’t have triglycerides) - then taken up and degraded by liver

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19
Q

Where is high density lipoprotein produced?

A

In the liver

20
Q

What is the purpose of HDL?

A

Takes excess cholesterol from the tissues and delivers it to the liver for excretion

21
Q

How does HDL incorporate cholesterol from the tissues?

A

Via lecithin:cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) by forming cholesterol esters

22
Q

Which lipoproteins are formed by the liver?

A

Very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs)

High density lipoproteins (HDLs)

23
Q

How do free fatty acids travel in blood?

A

Bound to albumin

24
Q

Where is lipoprotein lipase present?

A

Endothelial surface

25
Q

What lipoproteins are high in cholesterol?

A

LDL

HDL

26
Q

Which lipoproteins are high in triglycerides?

A

VLDL

Chylomicrons

27
Q

What is hormone sensitive lipase?

A

Leads to degradation of triglycerides in adipose tissue and release of FFAs

28
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

The lobule

29
Q

How does blood circulate from the GI tract to systemic circulation?

A

GI vasculature > Portal veins > Hepatic sinusoids > Central vein > systemic circulation

30
Q

Why is the liver more susceptible to hypoxia?

A

Because the liver gets mixed blood from hepatic artery and portal vasculature

31
Q

Why does liver cirrhosis occur? What is the consequence?

A

Liver cirrhosis occurs when hepatic parenchymal cells die and are replaced with fibrous tissue, which can constrict portal blood flow. This results in portal hypertension and increased resistance to blood flow in the liver. Hypoxia of the hepatocytes results, furthering the condition

32
Q

What are the hepatic sinusoids lined with?

A

Endothelial cells with large pores

33
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A

Interstitial space between the sinusoids and hepatocytes

34
Q

Fasting hyperlipidemia is caused by:

A

VLDL

35
Q

What is an essential amino acid in the cat?

A

Taurine

36
Q

What is the only amino acid used in bile acid production?

A

Taurine

37
Q

What are consequences of taurine deficiency?

A

DCM

Retinal degeneration

38
Q

Do cats need niacin in their diet?

A

Cats have limited ability to convert tryptophan to niacin so yes they need it in their diet

39
Q

Do cats need vitamin A in their diet?

A

Yes - Cats cannot convert B-retinol to vitamin A

40
Q

What is an essential fat for cats?

A

Arachidonic acid

41
Q

What are complications of metabolic acidosis?

A

Arterial vasodilation
Venous constriction
Insulin resistance

42
Q

What are causes for an elevated anion gap?

A

Lactic acidosis
Uremia
Ketones
Ethylene glycol

43
Q

What are the two types of hyperlactatemia (L-lactate?

A

Type A - Impaired tissue oxygenation

Type B - Normal tissue oxygenation

44
Q

What are examples of type A hyperlactatemia?

A

Decrease tissue oxygenation:

  • Hypoperfusion
  • Anemia
  • Excessive muscle activity
45
Q

What are examples of type B hyperlactatemia?

A

Normal tissue oxygenation:

  • Sepsis/SIRS
  • Neoplasia
  • Drugs
  • Severe liver disease
46
Q

How do colloids affect coagulation?

A

Cause dysfunction of factor VIII and prolongation of PTT/ACT

47
Q

How are amino acids absorbed in the GI? what about peptides?

A

Amino acids - Na+ dependent amino acid transporter

Peptides - H+ dependent transporter called PepT1

ACVIM General Boards - 2022 (16 decks)

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