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ACVIM General Boards - 2022 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life span of a granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)?

A

4-5 hours in the blood
4-5 days in the tissues

(Guyton and Hall)

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2
Q

What is the lifespan of a monocyte?

A

They circulate in blood 10-12 hours. Can be in the tissues (macrophages) for months.

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3
Q

What is the life cycle of a lymphocyte?

A

They enter the blood continously (spend a few hours in the blood) then circulate to lymphatics. They go back and forth - live for months to years.

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4
Q

Where are T lymphocytes processed?

A

Thymus

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5
Q

Where are B lymphocytes processed?

A

Liver during fetal life; then Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the most common immunoglobulin in the blood?

A

IgG - it’s also the smallest

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7
Q

What are the three major antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages
B lymphocytes
Dendritic cells

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8
Q

MHC I protein present antigens to which cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

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9
Q

MHC II proteins present antigens to which cell?

A

T Helper cells (CD4)

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10
Q

What do T Helper cells produce?

A

Interleukins 1 through 6
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Interferon Gamma (INF-y)

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11
Q

What are the surface Toll-like receptors (TLR)?

A

TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 11

Mainly recognize bacterial and fungal proteins, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide

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12
Q

What are the intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10

Recognize viral and bacterial nucleic acids

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13
Q

What cytokine do Toll-like receptors stimulate after they bind to an antigen?

A 
TNF-a
IL-1B
IL-6
INF-B
Caspase-1
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14
Q

What does caspase-1 do after it is stimulated by the toll like receptor?

A

It cleaves pro-cytokines to their active form (TNF a, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-B)

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15
Q

What happens after intracellular TLRs detect viral nucleic acids?

A

Synthesize type I interferons to “interfere” with viral growth

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16
Q

What are the major cytokines of fever?

A

IL1, IL6, TNFalpha

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17
Q

What TLR recognizes LPS? What other protein does it need?

A

TLR4, uses CD14

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18
Q

What are the brain macrophages called?

A

Microglial cells

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19
Q

What are the connective tissue macrophages called?

A

Histiocytes

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20
Q

What are the liver macrophages called?

A

Kupffer cells

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21
Q

What are examples of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)?

A

LPS, flagellin , lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan

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22
Q

What Toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes flagellin?

A

TLR5

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23
Q

To leave the blood, how do neutrophils adhere to endothelium?

A

Mediated by integrins on neutrophils

ICAM on the endothelium ICAM on endothelium, CD18/CD11 on PMN

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24
Q

What is a potent neutrophil chemotaxi and activator?

A

IL-8

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25
What do macrophages use to phagocitize and degrade particles?
Lipases
26
What is the half-life of an eosinophil?
18 hours; tissue life-span at least 6 days
27
What interleukin is a potent activator of natural killer (NK) cells?
IL-12
28
What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?
1. Classical -Triggered by Ab (IgM >>>> IgG) 2. Alternative - Triggered by spontaneous C3 hydrolysis to form C3a and C3b 3. Mannose binding pathway- Lectin binds mannose (on yeast, viruses, bacteria and parasites), activate convertase MASP which clips C3
29
What immunoglobulin plays a big role in classical activation of the complement cascade?
IgM (Planar form of IgM with 5 immunoglobulins)
30
What is the OIL acronym for the complement system?
O - psonization via C3b and C5b I - nflammation via C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins L - ysis C5b C9
31
What breed has C3 deficiency (Complement)
Brittany Spaniels
32
True or false: Most nucleated cells carry MHC I
True
33
What type of antigen does MHC I present?
Endogenous antigens | Examples - Viral infection, self antigen
34
How are endogenous antigen proteins tagged for MHC I
Tagged by ubiquitin
35
Which MHC class do NK cells survey and respond to?
MHC I
36
MHC I presents antigen to which cells?
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+) | Natural Killer cells
37
Which cells express MHC II?
Antigen presenting cells - macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells
38
What type of antigen is presented by MHC II?
Exogenous antigens
39
What are primary lymphoid organs?
Bone marrow and thymus
40
What are secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen
41
How are lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity?
Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by CD3+ T lymphocytes (Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have it)
42
How are lymphocytes involved in humoral immunity?
Via B lymphocytes and antibodies. | CD 21, CD 45, CD79a,b, CD19+
43
How do antibodies aid in humoral immunity?
1. Bind to cell surface molecules   2. Ab mediated opsonization and phagocytosis   3. Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity ADCC   4. Activation of complement classic pathway
44
Which antigen presenting cells is best at presenting to naive T cells?
Dendritic cells
45
What are FOLLICULAR dendritic cells?
As opposed to regular dendritic cells (which present to T Helpers), Follicular dendritic cells present to B cells
46
How are T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells differentiated? What do they do?
Th1 - Macrophage activation - Mediated by IL-2, IL-12 (cell mediated immunity) Th2 - B cell activation (humoral response) - mediated by IL-4, IL-5
47
The Th1 response results in:
Cell-mediated immunity (NK cells, CD8 T cells, etc.)
48
The Th1 response occurs on the presence of what interleukins?
IL-12, IL-18
49
Cytotoxic T-cells are activated by which interleukin?
IL-2 Also IFN-y
50
Cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis in what way?
1. Perforins (granzymes) - proteolytic | 2. FAS-L
51
The Th2 response occurs in the presence of which interleukins?
IL-4 And absence of IL-12
52
What do Th2 cells secrete?
IL-4 - Protection from parasites, IgE switch IL-5 - Eosinophil differentiation IL-6 - stimulates Ab production IL-10 - Immunosuppressive cytokine for Th1 cells (humoral cytokines)
53
What do T suppressor cells secrete? (T reg cells)
TGF-B | IL-10 (immunosuppressive)
54
What immunoglobulin forms the B cell receptor complex?
IgM (IgD)
55
What is the largest immunoglobulin?
IgM - forms pentamer (looks like a star)
56
What is the first antibody secreted in the immune response?
IgM; then IgG
57
Which antibody fixes the complement, starts the cascade?
IgM primarily | IgG can too, but less so
58
What is the only immunoglobulin that crosses placenta?
IgG - Transferred by placental cells
59
What is the smallest antibody?
IgG
60
What is the most important antibody at mucosal surfaces?
IgA
61
How are T cells selected positively in the thymus?
If they have T cell receptors capable of interacting with MHC in the thymus epithelium (no apoptosis)
62
Which T cells undergo apoptosis in the thymus during selection process?
If T cell receptor has high affinity for self-complex
63
What is somatic hyperstimulation?
B cells proliferation in response to antigen. Must bind Ag well to survive - selects for high-affinity antibodies
64
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Immune mediated hemolytic anemia?
Type II (antibody mediated)
65
What is type I hypersensitivity?
IgE - mediated
66
What is type II hypersensitivity?
Antibody mediated. | IgG and IgM on cell surfaces or extracellular matrix
67
What is type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex mediated (IgG, IgM). Antibodies and antigen form complexes
68
What is type IV hypersensitivity?
T-cell mediated immunity | CD8+ and CD4+
69
What type of hypersensitivity is serum sickness?
Serum sickness = Reaction to protein in antiserum. Type III
70
IL-12 functions
1. Most potent activator of NK cells | 2. Induces T cells to become Th1
71
IL-2 functions
Stimulates cell-mediated response (Th1 cells)
72
IL-8 functions
Potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activating factor
73
Which two ways do neutrophils kill bacteria?
1. Respiratory burst - potent oxidants (NADPH+) | 2. Lytic enzymes and from granules
74
What is the respiratory burst of neutrophils?
When Neu catches bacteria, activates NOX (NADPH oxidase), which forms H2O2. H2O2 is then converted to bactericidal compounds, mainly hypochlorous acid (HOCl) HOCl (bleach) kills the bacteria
75
Where are the NK cells formed?
Bone marrow - then travel to LN, thymus, spleen
76
What receptor do neutrophils use to bind to antibody coated antigens?
CD32
77
NK cells secrete what interferon?
ING-gamma
78
What is the main clinical sign of systemic lupus erithemathosus (SLE)?
Non-erosive polyarthritis
79
LPS and CpG are examples of what?
Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)
80
Which blood cell has the shortest half-life in circulation?
Eosinophils apparently...
81
What is the function of microRNA?
Decrease gene expression
82
What part of the cell does Lupus attack?
Nucleus of the cell - antinuclear antibodies
83
What are M1 macrophages?
Main purpose is host defense. They produce nitric oxide (to kill organsims)
84
What are M2 macrophages?
They reduce inflammation and produce cytokines that suppress immune responses. They do NOT produce nitric oxide.
85
What cytokines cause microphages to go M2?
IL-4, IL-10 and, IL-13
86
What cytokine promotes macrophages to become M1?
INF-gamma
87
Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest concentration in blood?
IgG
88
What are Kallikreins
Serine proteases that liberate kinins (bradykinin and kalladin) - Converted to vasoactive peptides. Cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis
89
What is the acute phase protein in cats?
a1 glycoprotein
90
What is produced by NK cells in large quantities?
IFN-gamma
91
CD3 is found on:
All T cells
92
What is a key role of Th17 lymphocytes?
Key role in responses to Gram negative bacteria and assist in the clearance of fungi. Secrete IL-17 which recruits granulocytes

ACVIM General Boards - 2022 (16 decks)

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