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ACVIM General Boards - 2022 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the life span of a granulocyte (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil)?

A

4-5 hours in the blood
4-5 days in the tissues

(Guyton and Hall)

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2
Q

What is the lifespan of a monocyte?

A

They circulate in blood 10-12 hours. Can be in the tissues (macrophages) for months.

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3
Q

What is the life cycle of a lymphocyte?

A

They enter the blood continously (spend a few hours in the blood) then circulate to lymphatics. They go back and forth - live for months to years.

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4
Q

Where are T lymphocytes processed?

A

Thymus

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5
Q

Where are B lymphocytes processed?

A

Liver during fetal life; then Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the most common immunoglobulin in the blood?

A

IgG - it’s also the smallest

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7
Q

What are the three major antigen presenting cells?

A

Macrophages
B lymphocytes
Dendritic cells

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8
Q

MHC I protein present antigens to which cells?

A

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

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9
Q

MHC II proteins present antigens to which cell?

A

T Helper cells (CD4)

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10
Q

What do T Helper cells produce?

A

Interleukins 1 through 6
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Interferon Gamma (INF-y)

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11
Q

What are the surface Toll-like receptors (TLR)?

A

TLR 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 11

Mainly recognize bacterial and fungal proteins, lipoproteins, and lipopolysaccharide

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12
Q

What are the intracellular Toll-like receptors (TLRs)?

A

TLR 3, 7, 8, 9, and 10

Recognize viral and bacterial nucleic acids

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13
Q

What cytokine do Toll-like receptors stimulate after they bind to an antigen?

A 
TNF-a
IL-1B
IL-6
INF-B
Caspase-1
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14
Q

What does caspase-1 do after it is stimulated by the toll like receptor?

A

It cleaves pro-cytokines to their active form (TNF a, IL-1B, IL-6, INF-B)

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15
Q

What happens after intracellular TLRs detect viral nucleic acids?

A

Synthesize type I interferons to “interfere” with viral growth

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16
Q

What are the major cytokines of fever?

A

IL1, IL6, TNFalpha

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17
Q

What TLR recognizes LPS? What other protein does it need?

A

TLR4, uses CD14

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18
Q

What are the brain macrophages called?

A

Microglial cells

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19
Q

What are the connective tissue macrophages called?

A

Histiocytes

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20
Q

What are the liver macrophages called?

A

Kupffer cells

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21
Q

What are examples of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)?

A

LPS, flagellin , lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan

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22
Q

What Toll-like receptor (TLR) recognizes flagellin?

A

TLR5

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23
Q

To leave the blood, how do neutrophils adhere to endothelium?

A

Mediated by integrins on neutrophils

ICAM on the endothelium ICAM on endothelium, CD18/CD11 on PMN

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24
Q

What is a potent neutrophil chemotaxi and activator?

A

IL-8

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25
Q

What do macrophages use to phagocitize and degrade particles?

A

Lipases

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26
Q

What is the half-life of an eosinophil?

A

18 hours; tissue life-span at least 6 days

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27
Q

What interleukin is a potent activator of natural killer (NK) cells?

A

IL-12

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28
Q

What are the 3 pathways of the complement system?

A
  1. Classical -Triggered by Ab (IgM&raquo_space;» IgG)
  2. Alternative - Triggered by spontaneous C3 hydrolysis to form C3a and C3b
  3. Mannose binding pathway- Lectin binds mannose (on yeast, viruses, bacteria and parasites), activate convertase MASP
    which clips C3
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29
Q

What immunoglobulin plays a big role in classical activation of the complement cascade?

A

IgM (Planar form of IgM with 5 immunoglobulins)

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30
Q

What is the OIL acronym for the complement system?

A

O - psonization via C3b and C5b

I - nflammation via C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins

L - ysis C5b C9

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31
Q

What breed has C3 deficiency (Complement)

A

Brittany Spaniels

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32
Q

True or false: Most nucleated cells carry MHC I

A

True

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33
Q

What type of antigen does MHC I present?

A

Endogenous antigens

Examples - Viral infection, self antigen

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34
Q

How are endogenous antigen proteins tagged for MHC I

A

Tagged by ubiquitin

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35
Q

Which MHC class do NK cells survey and respond to?

A

MHC I

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36
Q

MHC I presents antigen to which cells?

A

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+)

Natural Killer cells

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37
Q

Which cells express MHC II?

A

Antigen presenting cells - macrophages, dendritic cells and B cells

38
Q

What type of antigen is presented by MHC II?

A

Exogenous antigens

39
Q

What are primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

40
Q

What are secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen

41
Q

How are lymphocytes involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by CD3+ T lymphocytes (Both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have it)

42
Q

How are lymphocytes involved in humoral immunity?

A

Via B lymphocytes and antibodies.

CD 21, CD 45, CD79a,b, CD19+

43
Q

How do antibodies aid in humoral immunity?

A
  1. Bind to cell surface molecules
     
  2. Ab mediated opsonization and phagocytosis
     
  3. Ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity ADCC
     
  4. Activation of complement classic pathway
44
Q

Which antigen presenting cells is best at presenting to naive T cells?

A

Dendritic cells

45
Q

What are FOLLICULAR dendritic cells?

A

As opposed to regular dendritic cells (which present to T Helpers), Follicular dendritic cells present to B cells

46
Q

How are T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) cells differentiated? What do they do?

A

Th1 - Macrophage activation - Mediated by IL-2, IL-12 (cell mediated immunity)

Th2 - B cell activation (humoral response) - mediated by IL-4, IL-5

47
Q

The Th1 response results in:

A

Cell-mediated immunity (NK cells, CD8 T cells, etc.)

48
Q

The Th1 response occurs on the presence of what interleukins?

A

IL-12, IL-18

49
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells are activated by which interleukin?

A

IL-2

Also IFN-y

50
Q

Cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis in what way?

A
  1. Perforins (granzymes) - proteolytic

2. FAS-L

51
Q

The Th2 response occurs in the presence of which interleukins?

A

IL-4

And absence of IL-12

52
Q

What do Th2 cells secrete?

A

IL-4 - Protection from parasites, IgE switch
IL-5 - Eosinophil differentiation
IL-6 - stimulates Ab production
IL-10 - Immunosuppressive cytokine for Th1 cells

(humoral cytokines)

53
Q

What do T suppressor cells secrete? (T reg cells)

A

TGF-B

IL-10 (immunosuppressive)

54
Q

What immunoglobulin forms the B cell receptor complex?

A

IgM (IgD)

55
Q

What is the largest immunoglobulin?

A

IgM - forms pentamer (looks like a star)

56
Q

What is the first antibody secreted in the immune response?

A

IgM; then IgG

57
Q

Which antibody fixes the complement, starts the cascade?

A

IgM primarily

IgG can too, but less so

58
Q

What is the only immunoglobulin that crosses placenta?

A

IgG - Transferred by placental cells

59
Q

What is the smallest antibody?

A

IgG

60
Q

What is the most important antibody at mucosal surfaces?

A

IgA

61
Q

How are T cells selected positively in the thymus?

A

If they have T cell receptors capable of interacting with MHC in the thymus epithelium

(no apoptosis)

62
Q

Which T cells undergo apoptosis in the thymus during selection process?

A

If T cell receptor has high affinity for self-complex

63
Q

What is somatic hyperstimulation?

A

B cells proliferation in response to antigen. Must bind Ag well to survive - selects for high-affinity antibodies

64
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Immune mediated hemolytic anemia?

A

Type II (antibody mediated)

65
Q

What is type I hypersensitivity?

A

IgE - mediated

66
Q

What is type II hypersensitivity?

A

Antibody mediated.

IgG and IgM on cell surfaces or extracellular matrix

67
Q

What is type III hypersensitivity?

A

Immune complex mediated (IgG, IgM). Antibodies and antigen form complexes

68
Q

What is type IV hypersensitivity?

A

T-cell mediated immunity

CD8+ and CD4+

69
Q

What type of hypersensitivity is serum sickness?

A

Serum sickness = Reaction to protein in antiserum.

Type III

70
Q

IL-12 functions

A
  1. Most potent activator of NK cells

2. Induces T cells to become Th1

71
Q

IL-2 functions

A

Stimulates cell-mediated response (Th1 cells)

72
Q

IL-8 functions

A

Potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activating factor

73
Q

Which two ways do neutrophils kill bacteria?

A
  1. Respiratory burst - potent oxidants (NADPH+)

2. Lytic enzymes and from granules

74
Q

What is the respiratory burst of neutrophils?

A

When Neu catches bacteria, activates NOX (NADPH oxidase), which forms H2O2.

H2O2 is then converted to bactericidal compounds, mainly hypochlorous acid (HOCl)

HOCl (bleach) kills the bacteria

75
Q

Where are the NK cells formed?

A

Bone marrow - then travel to LN, thymus, spleen

76
Q

What receptor do neutrophils use to bind to antibody coated antigens?

A

CD32

77
Q

NK cells secrete what interferon?

A

ING-gamma

78
Q

What is the main clinical sign of systemic lupus erithemathosus (SLE)?

A

Non-erosive polyarthritis

79
Q

LPS and CpG are examples of what?

A

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP)

80
Q

Which blood cell has the shortest half-life in circulation?

A

Eosinophils apparently…

81
Q

What is the function of microRNA?

A

Decrease gene expression

82
Q

What part of the cell does Lupus attack?

A

Nucleus of the cell - antinuclear antibodies

83
Q

What are M1 macrophages?

A

Main purpose is host defense. They produce nitric oxide (to kill organsims)

84
Q

What are M2 macrophages?

A

They reduce inflammation and produce cytokines that suppress immune responses.

They do NOT produce nitric oxide.

85
Q

What cytokines cause microphages to go M2?

A

IL-4, IL-10 and, IL-13

86
Q

What cytokine promotes macrophages to become M1?

A

INF-gamma

87
Q

Which immunoglobulin is present in the highest concentration in blood?

A

IgG

88
Q

What are Kallikreins

A

Serine proteases that liberate kinins (bradykinin and kalladin) - Converted to vasoactive peptides.

Cause vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, chemotaxis

89
Q

What is the acute phase protein in cats?

A

a1 glycoprotein

90
Q

What is produced by NK cells in large quantities?

A

IFN-gamma

91
Q

CD3 is found on:

A

All T cells

92
Q

What is a key role of Th17 lymphocytes?

A

Key role in responses to Gram negative bacteria and assist in the clearance of fungi.

Secrete IL-17 which recruits granulocytes

ACVIM General Boards - 2022 (16 decks)

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