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NGD > Nutrition - infancy/childhood, micronutrient requirements > Flashcards

Nutrition - infancy/childhood, micronutrient requirements Flashcards

1
Q

Fiber

A

complex carb
soluble/insoluble form
reduce cholesterol levels, protect against heart disease, cancer, GI problems

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2
Q

Soluble fiber sources

A 
oatmeal
dried beans
peas
fruits
apples
strawberries
citrus
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3
Q

insoluble fibre sources

A

cereal
whole grain
rice
vegetables

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4
Q

Protein energy

A

4 kcal/g

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5
Q

Saturated fat

A

raises cholesterol
increases heart disease risk
butter, fat from red meat, tropical oils (coconut oil)

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6
Q

Trans fat

A

main source: partially hydrogenated vegetable oils
may elevate LDL and lower HDL
may also independently increase risk of CAD

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7
Q

Omega 3 fatty acid

A

linolenic acid
can be converted to DHA/EPA in body
fish oil, flaxseed oil, canola, soybean oil

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8
Q

Omega 6 fatty acid

A

linoleic acid
can be converted to ARA in body
plant oils, vegetable oils

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9
Q

Breastfeeding recommendations

A

exclusive up to 6 mo

continued to 2 y +

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10
Q

Breastfeeding benefits for infant

A

species-specific nutrition
nutritional (fat, digestible)
Anti-infective: antibodies, proteins, imune cells
Breast milk composition changes over time to meet needs of growing child (colostrum –> transitional –> mature)
promotes jaw development and tooth alignment
skin-to-skin contact

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11
Q

Breastfeeding protective effects for mother

A

oxytocin = less postpartum bleeding, quicker uterine involution
lactation amenorrhea, delayed ovulation, improved child spacing
improved bone remineralization postpartum
reduced premenopausal breast and ovarian ca
convenient, sterile, correct temperature & free

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12
Q

Folate source

A 
vit B9
green leafy vegetables
organ meats
dried yeast
dried beans
legumes
citrus
fortified grains
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13
Q

Folate deficiency signs

A 
macrocytic anemia
diarrhea
glossitis
lethargy
stomatitis
very rare in Canada due to fortification of bread
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14
Q

Signs of folate toxicity

A

none known from foods

seizures

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15
Q

Cyanobalamin source

A 
Vit B12
organ meats
beef
pork
milk
cheese
fish
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16
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency

A 
Common in vegans
megaloblastic anemia
glossitis
leukopenia
weakness
peripheral neuropathy (esp foot drop)
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17
Q

niacin sources

A 
vit B3
dairy products
eggs
enriched breads/cereals
fish
lean meats
legumes
nuts
poultry
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18
Q

Nicin deficiency

A

Pellagra (digestive problems, inflamed skin, mental impairment)

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19
Q

Signs of niacin toxicity

A

increased blood glucose
liver damage
peptic ulcers
skin rashes

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20
Q

Vitamin C sources

A 
citrus
tomatoes
ptoatoes
red berries
peppers
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21
Q

Vitamin C deficiency

A 
required for collagen formation/crosslinking
scurvy
keratosis of hair follicles
impaired wound healing
anemia
depression
lethargy
bleeding
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22
Q

Vitamin C toxicity

A

osmotic diarrhea
nausea/vomiting
oxalate kidney stones
interference with anticoagulant therapy

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23
Q

Vitamin A sources

A

fish liver oils
egg yolk
dairy products
green leafy or orange/yellow vegetables and fruit

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24
Q

Vitamin A deficiency

A 
vitamin A stimulates collage ndeposition
dermatitis
night blindness
keratomalacia
xerophthalmia
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25
Q

Vitamin A toxicity

A 
N/V
headache
dizziness
deep bone pain
peeling skin
gingivitis
alopecia
hepatotoxicity
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26
Q

Vitamin D sources

A 
fish
fish liver oils
fortified milk
egg yolk
sunlight
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27
Q

Vitamin D deficiency

A 
osteoporosis
osteomalacia
muscle weakness
bone pain
hypophosphatemia
hypocalcemia
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28
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A 
excess bone/soft tissue calcification
kidney stones
hypercalcemia
anorexia
renal failure
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29
Q

Vitamin E sources

A 
Polyunsaturated vegetable poils
nuts
eggs
wheat germ
whole grains
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30
Q

Vitamin E deficiency

A

rare hemolysis
anemia
neuronal axonopathy
myopathy

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31
Q

Vitamin E toxicity

A

prolonged clotting time

impaired neutrophil function

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32
Q

Vitamin K sources

A

green leafy vegetables
liver
vegetable oils
intestinal flora

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33
Q

Vitamin K deficiency

A

bleeding
purpura
bruising
prolonged clotting time

34
Q

Vitamin K toxicity

A

jaundice

35
Q

Calcium sources

A

Dairy
dark, green, leafy vegetables
fortified soy
fortified orange juice

36
Q

Calcium deficiency

A 
Tetany
arrhythmias
CHF
altered nerve conduction
osteomalacia
37
Q

Calcium toxicity

A

metastatic calcification
weakness
renal failure
psychosis

38
Q

Magnesium sources

A 
soy
clams
wheat germ
almonds
dairy
green leaves
nuts
cereal
seafood
39
Q

Mg deficiency

A

weakness
convulsions
neuromuscular irritability and dysfunction
failure to thrive

40
Q

Magnesium toxicity

A

hypotension
cardiac disturbances
respiratory failure

41
Q

K sources

A 
Meat
milk
bananas
prunes
raisins
oranges
grapefruits
potatoes
legumes
42
Q

K deficiency

A 
polyuria
impaired muscle contraction
ECG changes (prolonged QT interval, prominent U waves)
peritoneal distension
dyspnea
paralysis
cardiac disturbances
43
Q

K toxicity

A 
mental confusion
hypotension
weakness
ECG changes (flattened P waves, wide QRS, peaked T waves)
paralysis
arddiac disturbances
44
Q

Iron sources

A 
meat
fish
poltry
organ meats
eggs
prunes
peas
beans
lentils
soy
raisins
fortified grain products
45
Q

Iron deficiency

A 
glossitis
fatigue
tachycardia
microcytic hypochromic anemia
koilonychias
enteropathy
46
Q

Fe toxicity

A

nutritional hemosiderosis

organ damage

47
Q

Assessing vit B12 status

A

serum B12
transcobalamin (transporter)
homocysteine
MMA

48
Q

Vitamin B12 absorption

A

requires IF - synthesized by parietal cells in stomach
B12 bound to protein in food, HCl hydrolyzes so it can bind to IF
B12/IF absorbed in distal ileum
Pernicious anemia = autoimmune condition where parietal cells are destroyed, no IF = no absorption of B12

49
Q

Vitamin D supplementation

A 
10 ug/d (400IU/d)
for breastfed infants from birth
up until one year or when infant's diet contains 10 ug/d of vitamin D
breast milk naturally low in vitamin D
infants get little sun exposure
50
Q

Risk for poor vitamin D status

A

breastfed infants
darker skin tone
obesity

51
Q

Vitamin D assessment

A

quantify circulating 25-OHD3

52
Q

Function of vitamin D

A

calcium absorption and balance
immunity
cell proliferation
binds VDR to regulate gene expression

53
Q

Rickets

A 
Bone deformities due to low vitamin D
clinical chemistry:
- low 25-OHD
- elevated PTH
low serum phosphate and calcium
54
Q

Vitamin K deficiency risk

A

rare

but most common in newborns - little transfer from mom, and newborn gut doesn’t have a lot of bacteria

55
Q

Dietary forms of iron

A

Heme: animal products; better absorbed

Non-heme: vegetables, fortified products

56
Q

Iron status assessment

A

serum iron
ferritin - best, storage protein to estimate stores
transferrin: increases with poor status

57
Q

Iron deficiency in young children SSx

A 
fatigue/weakness
pale eyes
irritability
lack of appetite
apathy
pale skin
58
Q

Folate types

A 
folic acid: supplements, fortified food
Polyglutamylated folates (natural form): attached to glutamate residues; absorption more elaborate
59
Q

Folate status assessment

A 
RBC folate (long-term): indicator of sources
plasma/serum folate: short term
plasma total homocysteine
60
Q

Folate functions

A

DNA synthesis
methylation reactions
Metabolically linked to: B12, B6, aa
Can mask hematological signs of B12 deficiency

61
Q

Zinc function

A 
cofactor for enzymes involved in protein/collage synthesis
immune system
cell division
cell growth
wound healing
Carb breakdown
sense of smell/taste
62
Q

Zinc sources

A 
high protein foods (beef, pork, lamb, dark meat)
nuts
whole grains
legumes
yeast
63
Q

Zinc deficiency SSx

A 
frequent infections
hypogonadism in males
losso f hair
poor appetite
problems with taste/smell
skin sores
slow growth
trouble seeing in the dark
long time healing wounds
64
Q

Zinc toxicity

A

diarrhea
abdominal cramps
vomiting

65
Q

Phosphorus function

A

formation of boens and teeth
ATP!!!
work with B vitamins

66
Q

Phosphorous sources

A

Protein food groups of meet/milk

phytin (storage form) in whole grain breads and cereals

67
Q

Phosphorous deficiency

A

generally no deficiency since abundant in food

68
Q

Phosphorous toxicity

A

rare
can combine + Ca in blood to form deposits in soft tissues
–> occur in people with severe kidney disease or severe dysfunction of calcium regulation

69
Q

Iodine function

A

normal metabolism

normal thyroid function

70
Q

Iodine sources

A 
iodized salt
seafood naturally rich (cod, sea bass, haddock, perch)
kelp
dairy
plants grown in iodine-rich soil
71
Q

Iodine deficiency SSx

A

goiter
hypothyroidism
cretinism

72
Q

Iodine toxicity

A

rare in NA - iodized salt

can reduce function of thyroid

73
Q

Consequences of anemia on development

A

Impaired intellectual/motor functions that can occur early in Fe deficiency before anemia develops , may not be completely reversible
Pica
Pagophagia

74
Q

Pica

A

desire to ingest non-nutritive substances
happens in Fe deficiency
can lead to ingestion of lead-containing substances –> concomitant plumbism (chronic lead poisoning)

75
Q

Pagophagia

A

desire to eat ice

76
Q

Sodium requirement

A

Up until 1 y:

77
Q

Sodium sources

A

88% not naturally present
77% due to processed foods
6% from table salt; 5% cooking

78
Q

Caffeine effects

A

Positive: alertness, ability to concentration
Adverse: insomnia, irritability, nervousness, inhibit Ca absorption
Children /women of reproductive age may be particularly sensitive

79
Q

Caffeine recommendations

A

Health Canada max intake
healthy adults: 400 mg/day (~3 x 8oz brewed coffee)
Children

80
Q

Magnesium function

A

enzymes required for protein/collagen synthesis

NGD (16 decks)

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