Development - infancy + preschooler Flashcards

Question

Preschool cognitive development

Answer 1

Symbolic thought and play (blocks for trucks) reasoning is still mostly based on perceptions rather than logic/deduction Still very concrete thoughts still egocentric

Answer 2

meaningful use of words, phrases and gestures to convey convesational intent

Answer 3

consonant and vowel sounds

Answer 4

consonant-vowel combinations that are building blocks of words

Answer 5

understanding of meaning of ideas in conversations

Answer 6

sentence structure

Answer 7

nonverbal use of melody of speech, gestures, facial expression to convey emotion or other content

Answer 8

adaptation of language and behaviour rules to everyday life situations knowing when to speak quietly

Answer 9

Receptive: 2 part instructions Expressive: 2 word phrases

Answer 10

Receptive: 3 part instructions, answers questions Expressive: 3 word phrases (min), short sentences

Answer 11

Receptive: W questions, conversations Expressive: tell stories about what happened in their day

Answer 12

understands prepositions | can follow story with pictures

Answer 13

``` ID body parts 200 words uses words for expressive needs pronouns early grammar ```

Answer 14

``` sparse vocab frustrated with ability to communicate with words - can lead to tantrums no >2 word sentences does not follow directions doesn't like to listen to a story ```

Answer 15

``` talks about what she/he is doing 400-1500 words speech 75-100% intelligible to strangers answers "why" questions past and present tense colours numbers 1-4 full name, knows gender, 4 word sentences ```

Answer 16

cannot use language to tell stories | speech not comprehended by strangers

Answer 17

2700 words 5-word sentences defines simple words

Answer 18

can't tell a story with beginning, middle, and end | poor grammar in sentences (should be mostly adult-like)

Answer 19

3 mo: not cooing 12: doesn't respond to own name, not saying mama, dada 18: no word, no pointing, no imaginary play 24: not talking 3 y: not talking in sentences; disinterested in listening to a story (3 words bare minimum) 4 years: not relating events/stories every child with suspected language delay should have a hearing test

Answer 20

``` 40% regular biological functioning positive approach to new stimuli high adaptability to change mild to moderately intense response predominantly positive mood easily distractible; not persistent low activity ```

Answer 21

``` 10% irregular biological functions negative responses and withdrawal from new, unfamiliar situations or objects slowly adaptable to new situations/challenges intense responses negative mood expressions not easily distracted; very persistent high activity ```

Answer 22

15% midlly intense negative responses slowly adapatable to new stimuli both positive + negative moods biological functioning more regular than "difficult" children requires frequent exposures to new objects, foods and situations before becoming comfortable

Answer 23

repetitive | running, jumping, gathering, dumping

Answer 24

using objects to make something

Answer 25

role-playing, make-believe transformation

Answer 26

conformity with pre-established rules

Answer 27

Solitary Parallel - side by side Interactive/group play

Answer 28

18-22 mo: starts to pretend, plays with dolls 2 y: plays house, short play sequences 3: pretend play with long sequences 3.5: pretend play with dollhouse + miniature toys 3.5-4: acts out scenes with dolls, puppets, animals 5: plans a sequence of pretend events, organizes objects and other children, highly imaginative and cooperative

Answer 29

disorder of social communication 1% prevalence boys to girls: 4:1 incidence increasing?? or increased recognition Etiology unknown but genetics most likely: siblings 19% risk Genetics and epigenetic factors Advanced paternal age linked

Answer 30

Disordered social skills Disordered communication skills restricted interests/stereotypic/repetitive behaviour

Answer 31

most commonly: speech delay Red flags: - no babbling by 12 mo - no gesturing by 12 mo - no single words by 18 mo or odd/repetitive first words - no two word phrases by 18 mo - loss of social or language milestones at any age

Answer 32

REDUCED/ATYPICAL; eye gaze and shared or joint attention sharing of emotion social/reciprocal smiling social interest/shared enjoyment coordination of different modes of communication regression of loss of social/emotional connectedness

Answer 33

reduced/atypical babbling, particularly back and forth social babbling unusual tone of voice development of gestures

Answer 34

atypical visual tracking, fixation under/overreaction to sensory stimuli delayed fine and gross motor skills, clumsy repetitive motor behaviours

Answer 35

- boys talk late - his sisters are talking for him - child is healthy - speaking different language at home

Answer 36

higher rates of illness, injury, academic, social and behavioural difficulties compromise neural development

Answer 37

1. relieve family stressors - poverty, food 2. connect the parents to child's school 3. connect parents socially within their community

Answer 38

Epigenetics Higher SES: generally better performance on neurocognitive assessment but not uniform results - language/executive function/working memory most strongly correlated to low SES visual cognition not significantly different btw high and low SES Stress adversely affects hippocampal development - stress of poverty may cause weak working memory

Answer 39

ACE results demonstrated a strong graded relationship btw lvl of traumatic stress in childhood and poor physical, mental and behavioural outcomes later in life

Answer 40

birth: 30% adult weight 2: 70% 6 y: 90% rapid growth of neural fibers in first 2 years of life new synapses, new skills myelination continues into young adulthood, esp in areas of higher cognitive function

Answer 41

The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally and to deal effectively with the environment

Answer 42

4 parts: verbal, non-verbal intelligence, working memory, processing speed avg 100, STD 15 age matched score

Answer 43

less than 69 | less than 2nd percentile

Answer 44

mild: 55-70 IQ Moderate: 40-55 Severe: 25-40 profound: less than 25

Answer 45

measures: verbal concept formation, reasoning and knowledge acquired from one's environment influened by ESL, cultural differences, hearing impairments, poverty

Answer 46

Measures: perceptual and fluid reasoning, spatial processing, visuomotor integration influenced by visual/motor deficits, response to time pressure, response style

Answer 47

measures cognitive efficiency, associated with child's speed in processing visuospatial information influenced by motivation, concentration, hand-eye coordination

Answer 48

tests become reliable around age 4-5 IQ scores have reasonable stability if significant change, consider organic changes but also changes in environment/test process

Answer 49

predicts success in school and work better than any other measure - school performance more clearly predicted acquiring new skills vs using a familiar skill financial success to some extent NOT a predictor of happiness!

Answer 50

reading, decoding and comprehension spelling paragraph writing math comprehension and calculation

Answer 51

``` 2 step instructions t-shirt right side out remembers appointments, is on time makes change looks both ways before crossing the street accepts criticism without anger or tears makes bed replaces toilet paper roll when finished ```

Answer 52

``` inhibiting impulsive actions shifting flexibly from one activity or strategy to another regulating emotions initiating new tasks holding info in mind while thinking organizing, planning compelx behaviour organizing materials monitoring one's own performance develops last and continues development into mid-20s, prefrontal cortex, boys develop later ```

Answer 53

Self-concept development Theory of Mind: starting at age 8, children learn to see themselves through eyes of others Development of self-esteem - preschoolers have very high self esteem -reorganized in middle childhood with feedback - compares to others from age 6

Answer 54

peer groups appropriateness of social understanding relative to developmental age 5 yo: we play together 8 yo: we like to do things together, she's there for me when I'm sad

Answer 55

5: mature tripod grasp of pencil, cuts along a line, copies triangle 6: draws a man with fingers, 2D arms and legs, ties shoelaces 7: legible printing, rarely reverses letters 8: printing efficient way to express ideas

Answer 56

myelination of neural fibers linking cerebellum to cortex starts after birth completed by age 4

Answer 57

4: hops on one foot, balances on one foot 5: skips with alternating feet, rides a bike, plays games with rules, balances fo 10 sec on one foot >6: rules increase in complexity/competitiveness, dexterity, balance and coordination improve increased speed in running, strength in throwing, kicking involvement in organized, competitive sports

Answer 58

Asperger's syndrome poor social skills, restricted interests with pragmatic language difficulties Social: don't make friends, struggle to read facial expressions/understand feelings Communication: often monotone, don't understand idiom, metaphors or higher level language Behaviour: may have stereotypies, restricted range of interests Motor: often clumsy Sensory: can be very hypersensitive

Answer 59

0-3 y | inability of adults to remember their early years