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NGD > Nutrition guidelines + growth chart > Flashcards

Nutrition guidelines + growth chart Flashcards

1
Q

Adult obesity definition

A

BMI >=30

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2
Q

Adult overweight definition

A

BMI 25-29.9

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3
Q

Adult healthy BMI

A

18.5-24.9

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4
Q

Children (>2 y) obesity definition

A

BMI >= 95%ile for age and sex

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5
Q

Children (>2 y) overweight definition

A

BMI 85-94.9%ile for age and sex

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6
Q

BMI calculation

A

kg/m^2
indicator of adiposity but does not measure body fat directly
not useful for everyone

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7
Q

Dietary reference intakes

A 
umbrella term, describes 4 types of reference values for nutrients:
- estimated average requirement
- recommended daily allowance
- adequate intake
- tolerable upper intake level
used in Canada/USA
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8
Q

Estimated average requirement

A

median daily intake value that is estimated to meet requirement of 1/2 the healthy individuals in a life-stage and gender group; other 1/2 won’t have their needs met
based on a specific criterion of adequacy, derived from lit review
Reduction of disease risk considered along with many other health parameters in selection of criterion
Used to calculate RDA

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9
Q

Recommended dietary allowance

A

Average daily dietary intake level that is sufficient to meet nutrient requirement of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals in a particular life-stage and gender group
Goal for usual intake by an individual
clinically relevant

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10
Q

Adequate intake

A

if sufficient sceintific evidence not available to establish EAR (and therefore RDA), AI derived instead
recommended average daily nutrient intake level based on observed/experimentally determined approximations/estimates of nutrient intake by groups of apparently healthy people who are assumed to be maintaining an adequate nutritional state
Expected to meet/exceed needs of most individuals in a specific life-stage and gender group

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11
Q

Tolerable upper intake level

A

UL
highest avg daily nutrient intake level likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in a given life-stage and gender group
NOT a recommended level of intake
as intake increases above UL, potential risk of adverse effects increase

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12
Q

Canadian avg diet health

A

50% adults, 70% children (4-8y) do not meet Veggie/fruit requirements
37% children do not have 2 servings of milk products/ day - 2/3 Canadians by 30 do not meet requirements
25% of adults get >35% energy from fat
snacks account for more of daily energy intakes than breakfast

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13
Q

Nutrition labelling

A

mandatory on all prepackaged foods since 2007
must include:
- Table: energy in Cal, 13 core nutrients, % daily value
- ingredient list
- optional nutrition/health claims

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14
Q

Nutrition facts table

A

found on all prepackaged foods
Exceptions:
- fresh fruits and veggies
-raw meat, poultry, fish, seafood
- foods prepared/processed at store, like bakery items
- foods that contain very few nutrients: coffee beans, tea
- alcoholic beverages

Includes % daily value - general indicator

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15
Q

Ingredients list

A

all ingredients by weight from most to least

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16
Q

“Free” nutrition claim

A

none/hardly any

17
Q

“Low” nutrition claim

A

small amount (specific to each nutrient)

18
Q

“Reduced” nutrition claim

A

at least 25% less of the nutrient compared with a similar product

19
Q

“Light” nutrition claim

A

reduced in fat or calories

20
Q

“Source” nutrition claim

A

contains significant amount of the nutrient

21
Q

“High/good source” nutrition claim

A

high amount of nutrient

22
Q

“Very high/excellent source”

A

very high amount =)

23
Q

Health Canada regulated health claims

A

5 disease risk reduction health claims, criteria specified

  1. Adequate Ca and Vit D + adequate physical activity help to achieve strong bones, may reduce risk of osteoporosis
  2. Vegetables + fruit - reduce risk of some types of cancer
  3. High in K and low Na may reduce risk of high BP, risk factor for stroke/heart disease
  4. Low in saturated/trans fat may reduce risk of heart disease
  5. serving of product X provides % of daily amount of plant sterols shown to help reduce/lower cholesterol in adults
24
Q

Food fortification

A 
\+ vitamins and minerals
controlled by the Food and Drug Regulation
e.g.:
- iodized table salt
- vitamin D to milk
- folic acid to grain products
25
Q

Child growth monitoring guidelines

A

Canadian Pediatric Society recomm:

  • within 1-2 wks of birth, with 8 monitoring points in first 2 years of life
  • Length, weight head circumference
  • annually between 2-19 y
  • New WHO charts should be used
  • serial vs single measures are more useful
26
Q

WHO growth chart

A

Prescriptive approach
defines growth on the basis of health and feeding practices known to promote optimal growth and selects sample accordingly
Describes how children SHOULD grow
longitudinal data
breastfed infants
6 countries - developed and developing
Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS)

27
Q

CDC growth chart

A 
Descriptive approach
Defines growth on basis of representative samples of healthy groups
Describes how children grow
cross-sectional data
non-breastfed
USA only
28
Q

MGRS findings

A

Multicentre Growth Reference Study from WHO
Optimal nutrition: breastfed + appropriate complementary feeding
Optimal environment: no microbiological contamination, no smoking
Optimal healthcare: immunization, standard pediatric care

Important findings:

  • minimal growth differences in rates of linear growth between children of different racial/ethnic backgrounds
  • WHO growth charts can be used across Canada regardless of ethnic background
29
Q

Normal growth

A

follows same growth curve
between 3-85%ile
proportional (weight and length/height)
Z score relative to median

30
Q

Underweight definition

A
31
Q

Severely underweight definition

A
32
Q

Stunted growth definition

A
33
Q

Wasted definition

A

Weight for length

34
Q

Severely wasted definition

A

Weight for length

35
Q

Head circumference normal range

A

3-97%ile

36
Q

Mid upper arm circumference

A

For children aged 6-60mo

37
Q

Infancy

A

birth to 6 mo

38
Q

Toddlerhood

A

6 mo to 2 y

39
Q

Complementary feeding in infancy

A

introduced at 6 mo
Primary reason due to reduction in Fe stores
Health Canada recommends meat, mealt alternatives, Fe-fortified cereal as infants’ first complementary foods
Gradually increase # of feeding times per day
give baby foods that they can eat with their hands
Transition to cow’s milk: wait until 9-12 mo
- start with homogenized milk at least until 2 y
If transitioning to fortified soy, wait until 2 y
Delaying solid foods past 6 mo: increases risk of food allergy and chronic disease
- delayed introduction of gluten after 7 mo: increases incidence of T1DM, wheat allergy, celiac disease

NGD (16 decks)

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