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Normal animal final exam > nutrition general > Flashcards

nutrition general Flashcards

1
Q

body condition score

A

subjective: fat mass, lean mass
indicates whether energy/calories are appropriate

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2
Q

BCS dogs

A

9 point scale
4-5 ideal

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3
Q

BCS cats

A

9 point scale
5 is ideal

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4
Q

muscle condition scoring (MCS) dogs/cats

A

palpation of spine, scapulae
should be smooth to indicate no muscle loss

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5
Q

horse BCS

A

9 point scale
4-5 ideal

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6
Q

beef cattle BCS

A

9 point scale
5-6 ideal

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7
Q

dairy cattle BCS

A

5 point scale with 0.25 increments
2.5 ideal during growth
3.0 ideal during breeding
3.25-3.5 ideal during calving

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8
Q

nutrient requirements can be expressed as:

A

absolute amount (ie 40g protein per day)
concentration on a dry matter basis (ie 20% crude protein)
concentration on a caloric basis (ie 80g crude protein/Mcal)

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9
Q

what are dogs/cats typically fed?

A

water
homemade diet, commercial pet food, combo
treats, table scraps

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10
Q

what are horses and cattle typically fed

A

water
forage
+/- concentrate
vitamin/mineral

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11
Q

What is waters purpose?

A
  • thermoregulation
  • lacatation
  • nutrient transport
  • metabolism
  • positively influences food intake
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12
Q

daily water requirement for adult dog/cat

A

60-100ml/kg body weight

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13
Q

daily water requirement for adult horse

A

~60ml/kg body weight

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14
Q

what influences water requirements?

A

losses: sweat, urine, stool, milk, disease
environment: temperature, humidity
diet: dry matter, protein, sodium

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15
Q

what are the sources of water?

A

drinking water
food: 10% in kibble/hay, 80% in canned food/fresh forage
metabolic body water: glucose + O2 > ATP + CO2 + water

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16
Q

Dry matter (DM)

A
  • food with no water
  • not the way food is actually fed
  • important for elim water to compare nutrient concentrations, calculate dry matter intake
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17
Q

As Fed (AF)

A
  • food with water (as is in packaging)
  • water content varies (pasture/cans >hay/kibble)
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18
Q

how to convert as fed to dry matter

A

divide as fed percent by % dry matter
ex: food with 80% moisture= 20% DM
3.5% crude fat AF
3.5%/20%= 17.5% crude fat DM

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18
Q

how to convert as fed to dry matter

A

divide as fed percent by % dry matter
ex: food with 80% moisture= 20% DM
3.5% crude fat AF
3.5%/20%= 17.5% crude fat DM

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19
Q

daily target dry matter (DM) for herbivores

A

2% body weight

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20
Q

anaerobic metabolism

A

O2 not available
fast energy
cytosol
only glucose as substrate
lactate byproduct (gluconeogenesis)

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21
Q

aerobic metabolism

A

O2 available
slow energy
TCA cycle in mitochondria
more energy produced
uses amino acids, fatty acids, and/or glucose as substrate

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22
Q

most energy dense macronutrient

A

fats

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23
Q

gross energy

A

food energy (gross)
burnt in bomb calorimeter

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24
Q

digestible energy

A

gross energy - fecal energy (burn food and poop)
used in horse

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25
Q

metabolizable energy

A

digestible energy - urine and gas energy
used in dog/cat

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26
Q

net energy

A

metabolizable energy - heat increment (energy lost as heat)
used in cattle

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27
Q

basal metabolic rate (BMR)

A

70x BW^0.75 (kg)
fasted and sleeping in a thermoneutral environment

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28
Q

resting energy requirements (RER)

A

hard to measure often used synonymously with BMR
70x BW^0.75 (kg)

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29
Q

daily energy requirements (DER)

A

resting energy requirements (RER) + needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, work

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30
Q

maintenance energy requirement (MER)

A

daily energy requirement for maintenance (eating, moving)
synonymous with DER

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31
Q

dog adult neutered daily energy requirement (kcal/day)

A

(70kcal x BW kg^0.75) x1.6
same as Metabolizable energy

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32
Q

cat adult neutered daily energy requirement (kcal/day)

A

(70kcal x BW kg^0.75) x1.2
same as Metabolizable energy

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33
Q

horse adult non working average daily energy requirement (kcal/day)

A

33.3kcal x BW (kg)
same as digestible energy

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34
Q

purpose of proteins

A
  • muscle
  • hormones
  • enzymes
  • plasma oncotic pressure
  • acid/base balance
  • energy substrate (aerobic)
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35
Q

what is crude protein?

A

nitrogen % x 6.25
does not differentiate amino acid vs non amino acid nitrogen
still need to confirm there is a source of essential amino acids

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36
Q

what is a good quality protein?

A

rich on essential amino acids

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37
Q

are byproducts a source of protein?

A

YES if meat based
organ meat

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38
Q

can plants be a good source of protein?

A

yes for herbivores, omnivores (would need supplementation)
not for carnivores (incomplete in essential amino acids)

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39
Q

how can you tell protein intake is adequate?

A

Muscle condition scoring (MCS)
serum albumin (in severe cases)

40
Q

what is the purpose of lipid/fat?

A
  • energy substrate (aerobic)
  • lipid membranes
  • fat soluable vitamin absorption
  • neurlogical and retinal development
41
Q

what are the 3 types of lipids?

A
  1. triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
  2. phospholipids
  3. free fatty acids
42
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

no double bonds

43
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

double bonds
monounsaturated: 1 double bond
polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds

44
Q

all essential fatty acids are _______ ____fatty acids

A

polyunsaturated, long chain

45
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids

A

2+ double bonds
omega 6 (linoleic, arachidonic acid) and omega 3 (ALA, EPA, DHA)
* (characterized by where first double bond is)
essential fatty acids are this type

46
Q

omega 6 fatty acid

A

polyunsaturated
linoleic acid (LA)
arachidonic acid (AA)

47
Q

omega 3 fatty acid

A

polyunsaturated
alpha linoleic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA
anti inflammatory

48
Q

short chain fatty acids

A

aka volitile fatty acids (VFA)
<6 carbons
more in microbial contribution

49
Q

meduim chain fatty acids

A

6-12 carbons
coconut oil

50
Q

long chain fatty acids

A

13-21 carbons
essential fatty acids are all long chain

51
Q

how are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissue?

A

mostly through lymphatics
also in blood

52
Q

essential fatty acids for dogs

A
  • linoleic acid (LA)
  • NOT arachidonic acid (AA)
  • alpha linoleic acids (ALA)
  • EPA and DHA
53
Q

essential fatty acids cats

A
  • linoleic acid (LA)
  • arachidonic acid (AA)
  • **NOT **alpha linoleic acids (ALA)
  • EPA and DHA
54
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A
  • energy substrate (aerobic and anaerobic), glucose is preferred in brain and fetus
  • blood glucose management
  • GI health and gut microbe function
55
Q

monosaccharide

A

simple sugar

56
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharide units

57
Q

oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monosaccharide units

58
Q

polysaccharides

A

> 10 monosaccharide units

59
Q

fiber vs non fiber

A

non fiber:
– Alpha 1-4 linkage
– e.g. starch
Fiber:
– Beta 1-4
– e.g. cellulose

59
Q

fiber vs non fiber

A

non fiber:
– Alpha 1-4 linkage
– e.g. starch
Fiber:
– Beta 1-4
– e.g. cellulose

60
Q

sources of carbohydrates

A
  • Plant
    – Grains
    – Vegetables
    – Forage
  • Animal
    – Glycogen
61
Q

types of fiber on food label

A

– Crude fiber (CF)
* Insoluble
* Doesn’t represent TDF
– Total dietary fiber (TDF)
– Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
– Acid detergent fiber (ADF)

62
Q

what does calcium do?

A
  • acid/base balance
  • bone and teeth structure
  • blood coagulation
  • muscle contraction
  • nerve conduction
63
Q

What happens if there is too little Ca in the diet?

A
  • milk fever in cow
  • elcampsia in bitch
  • tetany
  • osteopenia
64
Q

Where do you get Ca?

A
  • bone
  • dairy
  • Dicalcium phosphate
  • calcium carbonate
  • calcium citrate
  • greens (not very bioavailable)
  • legumes (alfafa)
65
Q

What does phosphorus do?

A
  • acid/base balance
  • energy (ATP)
  • preservative in human food
66
Q

what if there is too little phosphorus in diet?

A

down cow (presents like milk fever)

67
Q

What if there is too much phosphorus in diet?

A
  • metabolic bone disease (inverse Ca to P ratio)
  • struvite stones
  • maybe chronic kidney disease
68
Q

Where do you get phosphorus in diet?

A
  • phospholipids
  • meat
  • grains, brans > forage
  • dicalcium phosphate
  • phosphates in prepackaged human food
69
Q

Calcium Phosphorus Ratio

A

general target 1:1 - 4:1 Ca:P
if more P than Ca:
* increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) to pull Ca from bone- osteopenia

if > 4:1
* calcium based urolithiasis
* down regulates parathyroid hormone

70
Q

potassium

A
  • cation
  • cellular action potential/contraction
  • in forage, fruit, veggies
71
Q

magnesium

A
  • cation
  • enzyme cofactor (lots of functions)
  • kindey function
  • too little: grass tetany
  • too much: alkalosis
  • in: forage
72
Q

sodium

A
  • cation
  • osmotic balance
  • too much: salt toxicosis (if inadequate water intake)
  • NaCl (table salt)
73
Q

chloride

A
  • anion
  • can become low in blood after vomiting or abomasal obstruction
  • many organic forms
  • NaCl, KCl
74
Q

What do Zinc and Copper do?

A
  • cofactors for enzymes
  • skin and coat health
  • bone and cartilage
  • intestinal health
75
Q

zinc to copper ratio

A

1:1-1:4 Zn : Cu

76
Q

what if there is too little copper in diet?

A
  • achromotrichia (black coat turns rust color)
  • aortic rupture
  • poor doer
77
Q

what if there is too much copper in diet?

A
  • copper hepatopathy (some dogs)
  • kindey disease (sheep)
78
Q

Where are zinc and copper in the diet?

A
  • organ meat
  • inorganic sources
79
Q

iodine

A

in thyroid hormones
in iodized salt, KI

80
Q

iron

A
  • hemoglobin
  • too little: anemia
  • in: forage, grain
  • ferrous sulfate
81
Q

sulfur

A
  • anion
  • component of sulfur containing amino acids, biotin, thiamine
  • too much: degrade thiamine in rumen– polioencephalomalacia
82
Q

molybdenum

A

reduces bioavailability of other minerals

83
Q

acid base balance

A

cations:
* potassium
* sodium
* magnesium

anions:
* chloride
* phosphorus
* sulphur (methionine)

Functions:
* blood pH
* urine pH
* muscle contraction, nerve conduction

84
Q

vitamin D (cholecalciferol)

A
  • conversion of pro vitamin D to Vit D (cholecalciferol) in skin of dogs/cats in inefficient
  • function: promotes calcium absorption
  • too little: developmental orthopedic disease
  • too much: developmental orthopedic disease, soft tissue calcification
  • Where to eat?: liver, kidneys, salmon, egg yolk, plants, supplements
  • fat soluable
85
Q

vitamin D, Ca, and P

A

Vit D promotes Ca absorption
if Ca low or P high - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulated
PTH stims Ca release from bone and P is excreted

86
Q

vitamin E (tocopherols)

A

lipid antioxidant (protects PUFAs, increase with PUFA intake)
too little: myopathy, fat necrosis
fat soluable

87
Q

selenium

A
  • antioxidant (important for glutathione peroxidase)
  • Thyroid hormone production (T3, T4)
  • Too little: white muscle disease
  • Where to eat?: grain, forage (if soil is rich), inorganic sources
88
Q

vitamin A

A

function: vision, antioxidant, growth
found in: retinol (animal), beta-carotene (pro vitamin, plant, cats cant use)
fat soluable

89
Q

vitamin K

A

blood clotting
plant, microbial, synthetic sources

90
Q

B12/cobalamin

A
  • DNA
  • too little: GI dz, anemia
  • where to eat?: animal tissue, yeast, gut microbes (cobalt is precursor)
91
Q

B9/folate

A
  • DNA
  • too little: anemia
92
Q

B3/Niacin

A

energy metabolism (precursor for NAD+, NADP+)

93
Q

pyridoxine/B6

A

amino acid metabolism
Where to get?: grains, legumes

94
Q

riboflavin/B2

A
95
Q

thiamine/B1

A
  • energy metabolism (TCA)
  • Where to eat?: grains, byproducts
  • heat-labile (sesitive)
  • too little: neurlogic dz
96
Q

choline

A
  • fatty acid metabolism
  • in fish, egg yolk
97
Q

biotin

A
  • gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism
  • skin, coat, hooves
  • in corn, gut microbes

Normal animal final exam (12 decks)

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