nutrition general Flashcards
body condition score
subjective: fat mass, lean mass
indicates whether energy/calories are appropriate
BCS dogs
9 point scale
4-5 ideal
BCS cats
9 point scale
5 is ideal
muscle condition scoring (MCS) dogs/cats
palpation of spine, scapulae
should be smooth to indicate no muscle loss
horse BCS
9 point scale
4-5 ideal
beef cattle BCS
9 point scale
5-6 ideal
dairy cattle BCS
5 point scale with 0.25 increments
2.5 ideal during growth
3.0 ideal during breeding
3.25-3.5 ideal during calving
nutrient requirements can be expressed as:
absolute amount (ie 40g protein per day)
concentration on a dry matter basis (ie 20% crude protein)
concentration on a caloric basis (ie 80g crude protein/Mcal)
what are dogs/cats typically fed?
water
homemade diet, commercial pet food, combo
treats, table scraps
what are horses and cattle typically fed
water
forage
+/- concentrate
vitamin/mineral
What is waters purpose?
- thermoregulation
- lacatation
- nutrient transport
- metabolism
- positively influences food intake
daily water requirement for adult dog/cat
60-100ml/kg body weight
daily water requirement for adult horse
~60ml/kg body weight
what influences water requirements?
losses: sweat, urine, stool, milk, disease
environment: temperature, humidity
diet: dry matter, protein, sodium
what are the sources of water?
drinking water
food: 10% in kibble/hay, 80% in canned food/fresh forage
metabolic body water: glucose + O2 > ATP + CO2 + water
Dry matter (DM)
- food with no water
- not the way food is actually fed
- important for elim water to compare nutrient concentrations, calculate dry matter intake
As Fed (AF)
- food with water (as is in packaging)
- water content varies (pasture/cans >hay/kibble)
how to convert as fed to dry matter
divide as fed percent by % dry matter
ex: food with 80% moisture= 20% DM
3.5% crude fat AF
3.5%/20%= 17.5% crude fat DM
how to convert as fed to dry matter
divide as fed percent by % dry matter
ex: food with 80% moisture= 20% DM
3.5% crude fat AF
3.5%/20%= 17.5% crude fat DM
daily target dry matter (DM) for herbivores
2% body weight
anaerobic metabolism
O2 not available
fast energy
cytosol
only glucose as substrate
lactate byproduct (gluconeogenesis)
aerobic metabolism
O2 available
slow energy
TCA cycle in mitochondria
more energy produced
uses amino acids, fatty acids, and/or glucose as substrate
most energy dense macronutrient
fats
gross energy
food energy (gross)
burnt in bomb calorimeter
digestible energy
gross energy - fecal energy (burn food and poop)
used in horse
metabolizable energy
digestible energy - urine and gas energy
used in dog/cat
net energy
metabolizable energy - heat increment (energy lost as heat)
used in cattle
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
70x BW^0.75 (kg)
fasted and sleeping in a thermoneutral environment
resting energy requirements (RER)
hard to measure often used synonymously with BMR
70x BW^0.75 (kg)
daily energy requirements (DER)
resting energy requirements (RER) + needs for maintenance, growth, reproduction, work
maintenance energy requirement (MER)
daily energy requirement for maintenance (eating, moving)
synonymous with DER
dog adult neutered daily energy requirement (kcal/day)
(70kcal x BW kg^0.75) x1.6
same as Metabolizable energy
cat adult neutered daily energy requirement (kcal/day)
(70kcal x BW kg^0.75) x1.2
same as Metabolizable energy
horse adult non working average daily energy requirement (kcal/day)
33.3kcal x BW (kg)
same as digestible energy
purpose of proteins
- muscle
- hormones
- enzymes
- plasma oncotic pressure
- acid/base balance
- energy substrate (aerobic)
what is crude protein?
nitrogen % x 6.25
does not differentiate amino acid vs non amino acid nitrogen
still need to confirm there is a source of essential amino acids
what is a good quality protein?
rich on essential amino acids
are byproducts a source of protein?
YES if meat based
organ meat
can plants be a good source of protein?
yes for herbivores, omnivores (would need supplementation)
not for carnivores (incomplete in essential amino acids)
how can you tell protein intake is adequate?
Muscle condition scoring (MCS)
serum albumin (in severe cases)
what is the purpose of lipid/fat?
- energy substrate (aerobic)
- lipid membranes
- fat soluable vitamin absorption
- neurlogical and retinal development
what are the 3 types of lipids?
- triglycerides (glycerol + 3 fatty acids)
- phospholipids
- free fatty acids
saturated fatty acids
no double bonds
unsaturated fatty acids
double bonds
monounsaturated: 1 double bond
polyunsaturated: 2+ double bonds
all essential fatty acids are _______ ____fatty acids
polyunsaturated, long chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids
2+ double bonds
omega 6 (linoleic, arachidonic acid) and omega 3 (ALA, EPA, DHA)
* (characterized by where first double bond is)
essential fatty acids are this type
omega 6 fatty acid
polyunsaturated
linoleic acid (LA)
arachidonic acid (AA)
omega 3 fatty acid
polyunsaturated
alpha linoleic acid (ALA), EPA, DHA
anti inflammatory
short chain fatty acids
aka volitile fatty acids (VFA)
<6 carbons
more in microbial contribution
meduim chain fatty acids
6-12 carbons
coconut oil
long chain fatty acids
13-21 carbons
essential fatty acids are all long chain
how are lipids absorbed and transported to different tissue?
mostly through lymphatics
also in blood
essential fatty acids for dogs
- linoleic acid (LA)
- NOT arachidonic acid (AA)
- alpha linoleic acids (ALA)
- EPA and DHA
essential fatty acids cats
- linoleic acid (LA)
- arachidonic acid (AA)
- **NOT **alpha linoleic acids (ALA)
- EPA and DHA
What is the purpose of carbohydrates?
- energy substrate (aerobic and anaerobic), glucose is preferred in brain and fetus
- blood glucose management
- GI health and gut microbe function
monosaccharide
simple sugar
disaccharide
2 monosaccharide units
oligosaccharides
3-10 monosaccharide units
polysaccharides
> 10 monosaccharide units
fiber vs non fiber
non fiber:
– Alpha 1-4 linkage
– e.g. starch
Fiber:
– Beta 1-4
– e.g. cellulose
fiber vs non fiber
non fiber:
– Alpha 1-4 linkage
– e.g. starch
Fiber:
– Beta 1-4
– e.g. cellulose
sources of carbohydrates
- Plant
– Grains
– Vegetables
– Forage - Animal
– Glycogen
types of fiber on food label
– Crude fiber (CF)
* Insoluble
* Doesn’t represent TDF
– Total dietary fiber (TDF)
– Neutral detergent fiber (NDF)
– Acid detergent fiber (ADF)
what does calcium do?
- acid/base balance
- bone and teeth structure
- blood coagulation
- muscle contraction
- nerve conduction
What happens if there is too little Ca in the diet?
- milk fever in cow
- elcampsia in bitch
- tetany
- osteopenia
Where do you get Ca?
- bone
- dairy
- Dicalcium phosphate
- calcium carbonate
- calcium citrate
- greens (not very bioavailable)
- legumes (alfafa)
What does phosphorus do?
- acid/base balance
- energy (ATP)
- preservative in human food
what if there is too little phosphorus in diet?
down cow (presents like milk fever)
What if there is too much phosphorus in diet?
- metabolic bone disease (inverse Ca to P ratio)
- struvite stones
- maybe chronic kidney disease
Where do you get phosphorus in diet?
- phospholipids
- meat
- grains, brans > forage
- dicalcium phosphate
- phosphates in prepackaged human food
Calcium Phosphorus Ratio
general target 1:1 - 4:1 Ca:P
if more P than Ca:
* increase parathyroid hormone (PTH) to pull Ca from bone- osteopenia
if > 4:1
* calcium based urolithiasis
* down regulates parathyroid hormone
potassium
- cation
- cellular action potential/contraction
- in forage, fruit, veggies
magnesium
- cation
- enzyme cofactor (lots of functions)
- kindey function
- too little: grass tetany
- too much: alkalosis
- in: forage
sodium
- cation
- osmotic balance
- too much: salt toxicosis (if inadequate water intake)
- NaCl (table salt)
chloride
- anion
- can become low in blood after vomiting or abomasal obstruction
- many organic forms
- NaCl, KCl
What do Zinc and Copper do?
- cofactors for enzymes
- skin and coat health
- bone and cartilage
- intestinal health
zinc to copper ratio
1:1-1:4 Zn : Cu
what if there is too little copper in diet?
- achromotrichia (black coat turns rust color)
- aortic rupture
- poor doer
what if there is too much copper in diet?
- copper hepatopathy (some dogs)
- kindey disease (sheep)
Where are zinc and copper in the diet?
- organ meat
- inorganic sources
iodine
in thyroid hormones
in iodized salt, KI
iron
- hemoglobin
- too little: anemia
- in: forage, grain
- ferrous sulfate
sulfur
- anion
- component of sulfur containing amino acids, biotin, thiamine
- too much: degrade thiamine in rumen– polioencephalomalacia
molybdenum
reduces bioavailability of other minerals
acid base balance
cations:
* potassium
* sodium
* magnesium
anions:
* chloride
* phosphorus
* sulphur (methionine)
Functions:
* blood pH
* urine pH
* muscle contraction, nerve conduction
vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
- conversion of pro vitamin D to Vit D (cholecalciferol) in skin of dogs/cats in inefficient
- function: promotes calcium absorption
- too little: developmental orthopedic disease
- too much: developmental orthopedic disease, soft tissue calcification
- Where to eat?: liver, kidneys, salmon, egg yolk, plants, supplements
- fat soluable
vitamin D, Ca, and P
Vit D promotes Ca absorption
if Ca low or P high - Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulated
PTH stims Ca release from bone and P is excreted
vitamin E (tocopherols)
lipid antioxidant (protects PUFAs, increase with PUFA intake)
too little: myopathy, fat necrosis
fat soluable
selenium
- antioxidant (important for glutathione peroxidase)
- Thyroid hormone production (T3, T4)
- Too little: white muscle disease
- Where to eat?: grain, forage (if soil is rich), inorganic sources
vitamin A
function: vision, antioxidant, growth
found in: retinol (animal), beta-carotene (pro vitamin, plant, cats cant use)
fat soluable
vitamin K
blood clotting
plant, microbial, synthetic sources
B12/cobalamin
- DNA
- too little: GI dz, anemia
- where to eat?: animal tissue, yeast, gut microbes (cobalt is precursor)
B9/folate
- DNA
- too little: anemia
B3/Niacin
energy metabolism (precursor for NAD+, NADP+)
pyridoxine/B6
amino acid metabolism
Where to get?: grains, legumes
riboflavin/B2
thiamine/B1
- energy metabolism (TCA)
- Where to eat?: grains, byproducts
- heat-labile (sesitive)
- too little: neurlogic dz
choline
- fatty acid metabolism
- in fish, egg yolk
biotin
- gluconeogenesis, fatty acid metabolism
- skin, coat, hooves
- in corn, gut microbes
