Nutrition for the toddler and preschool years- FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Toddlers: children between _ and __ years.
Rapid increase in gross and fine __ ___.
1 and 3
motor skills
Preschool age – children between __ and __ years.
3 and 5
Preschool Age: Increasing \_\_\_(you aren't the boss of me) broader \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_. Increasing \_\_\_ \_\_\_. Expanding \_\_\_-\_\_\_.
autonomy
social circumstances
language skills
self-control
Children have an innate ability to self-regulate ___ __ if the foods offered are nutritious whole foods.
food intake
Parents and caretakers need to provide children ___ ___.
nutritious foods
Let child decide:
___ ….within some guidelines
___ ___…within some guidelines
what
how much
Parents and caretakers still influence:
appropriate ___
__ ___
other __ ___ and ___ formed during the toddler and preschool years.
These lessons are mainly transferred by ____.
eating
physical activity
health behaviors, habits
example
Regular monitoring of ___ and ___ is the best means of assessing whether food intake is adequate.
Pediatrician ___ visits are very important
weight, height
wellness
Common Nutrition Problems:
___-___
___ ___
____
iron-deficiency
dental carriers
obesity
Requirements for children: Protein \_\_/kg Vitamin D \_\_/kg Calcium (mg) \_\_/kg phosphorous(mg) \_\_/kg Iron(mg) \_\_/kg Iodide(ug) \_\_/kg
1.2
0.4
38
35
0.5
6.9
Pre-school Years: Period of \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_. Increasing skill in \_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_. Development of individual \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_. Increased \_\_\_ \_\_\_. Control of \_\_ \_\_\_. Increasing \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_.
slower growth eating and feeding food preferences physical activity body functions social interaction
Physical Growth:
Growth rate ____. Increasing percentage of ___ ___.
Brain continues to ___.
___ growth
decreases
muscle mass
grow
bone
Physical Growth: Wide range nutrient requirements due to differences in: Body \_\_\_ Body \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ rates \_\_\_\_ patterns
size
composition
growth
activity
Energy Determined by:
___ ___
___ of ___
_____
basal metabolism
rate, growth
activity
Protein-Requirement based on: \_\_\_\_ Changes in \_\_\_ \_\_\_. Synthesis of new \_\_\_\_. Adequate protein can be obtained from a \_\_\_\_ diet
Maintenance
body composition
tissue
vegetarian
Protein content of body ____.
__% at 1 year to __-__% at ~ 4 years
increases
15%
18-19%
Fiber:
___ + __ grams used to be the rule of thumb…compare to __ g/___kcal
age, 5,
14
1000
Calcium: Necessary for \_\_\_ \_\_\_ and \_\_\_. Intake decreased in \_\_\_ \_\_\_ years. Absorption \_\_-\_\_% \_\_\_ and \_\_\_ \_\_\_ primary sources.
bone growth and mineralization pre school 30-60 milk dairy products
Calcium:
Inadequate intakes could result in:
___ growth rates
Inadequate ____.
slow
mineralization
Iron:
Most ___ deficiency in most countries
__ ___ children vulnerable
common
pre-school
Iron deficiency causes:
Impaired ___ and ___ development
Decreased resistance to ____.
mental
physical
infection
Prevention of ___ an important goal in children.
Strategies include:
Using ground meats for ____ ___.
__ ___ with non-heme iron
Reducing or avoiding excessive ___, ___ and ___.
anemia
heme iron
Vit. C
fiber, tea, antacids
Zinc:
required for ___.
Consequences of deficiency include: Growth \_\_\_ Reduced \_\_\_ Impaired \_\_\_ \_\_\_ Impaired \_\_\_\_
growth retardation appetite wound healing immunity
Meat and seafood are good sources of ___ ___.
bioavailable zinc
Absorption of zinc affected by:
Amount in ___.
___ content of diet
diet, fiber
Vitamins:
Requirements based on ___ and ___ intake.
___ could provide most vitamins.
protein, energy
diet
Vitamins: Supplement recommended for Children avoiding \_\_\_ ( D, B2 ) Children on \_\_\_ \_\_\_ (folate) Children with low intakes of fruits and vegetables (\_\_ and \_\_) \_\_ or \_\_\_ children \_\_\_\_ Chronic \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_ Diets for \_\_\_ Limited \_\_\_ \_\_\_ Frequent \_\_\_
milk goats milk A and C deprived neglected anorexia diseases vegans obesity food acceptance illness
Normal food behavior at age 2-5: \_\_\_ in food Changes in \_\_\_ and \_\_\_. Food \_\_\_\_ Erratic \_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_preferences
Pre school children find ____ foods easier to chew
___ and ____ increase in popularity
Disinterest likes and dislikes rituals appetite Strong carbohydrate Yogurt and cheese
Normal food behavior 2-5: Factors that affect food choices include: \_\_\_ Acceptance \_\_\_/\_\_\_ influences \_\_\_\_
Food
Parent/caregiver
TV
5-7 Year olds:
Frequency of eating not related to ____, unless very low or high.
Children need ___ snacks
Limit excessive ___, ____, and ___ ___.
Many pre-school children in day care ~ __ hours
Focus on average intakes over ___, not on ___ intake
nutrition nutritious sweets, juices, soft drinks 8 weeks daily
Prevention Plus:
Limit ___ ___ beverages
Encourage __ and ___
Limit __ and other
sugar sweetened fruits and veg TV 2 breakfast restaurants Portion Calcium Fiber DRI 60 limit
SWM:
Structured weight management
SWM:
Requires more \_\_\_ follow up \_\_\_ plan Screen time: <_hour \_\_\_\_ activity for \_\_\_ minutes \_\_\_\_ follow-up
frequent Diet 1 Supervised, 60 Monthly
CMI-
comprehensive multidisciplinary intervention
CMI:
___ intense
More ___ involved
Weekly visits for __-__weeks
__ term diet with reduced ___ (involves small kcal reduction, increased activity)
NO MORE THAN __ pound of weight lost in a ____!!!!
____ training, looking at the ___ environment
more professionals 8-12 Short kilocalories 1 month Parental home
Tertiary Care Intervention-
Only for ____, not for ___ or ____.
adolescentstoddler or pre-schooler
Uniquely positioned to have an impact on the obesity epidemic: \_\_\_ \_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_ \_\_\_\_
Head Start
WIC
School Lunch Programs
SNAP
vegan and macrobiotic diet children tend to have lower ___ ___ but remain within normal ranges
growth rates
Energy - Determined by
___
___ of ___
____
REE
Rate, growth
activity
Protein-Requirement based on
_____
Changes in ___ ____
Synthesis of new ___
Maintenance
body composition
tissue
Protein content of body ____:
___% at 1 year
__-___% at ~ 4 years
increases
15
18-19
Iron:
Most ____ deficiency in north America
___ ___ children vulnerable: rapid growth makes them one of the most at-risk groups
Prevention of ___ an important goal in children
common
Pre school
anemia
Iron deficiency causes:
Impaired ___ and ____development
Decreased resistance to ___
mental and physical
infection
Malnutrition-old theory:
____ > ___ ____> delayed ___ development
malnutrition, brain damage, mental
Malnutrition hinders ____ abilities in a maze of interacting routes: ___ damage, overall ____, ___ level, rate of ___ development, rate of ____.
cognitive brain health energy motor growth
Malnutrition:
Low____status
Impoverished children are at risk for:
____ impairment
economic
cognitive
___ ___ could be a legitimate force in propelling children who are already at a disadvantage early in life onto the right path.
Head Start
