Infant Nutrient Needs- FINAL EXAM Flashcards
Nutrient Needs on Infant:
Requirement/kg greater than ___.
Based on: Nutrient content of ___ ___.
adults
human milk
Guidelines include:
__-___ observed to be adequate.
AI – levels
Best indicators of adequate energy are: ___ and ___ ____.
Growth
Weight gain
Protein: ___ g/kg
2.2
___ AA essential in the diets of full term infants.
9
Fat:
Supplies __-___% of energy for newborns.
40-50
Fat:
Energy from fat spares ___.
protein
___ ___ and ____ similar in fat content (55 vs __-___% of energy)
human milk, formula, 55 vs 45-50%
Energy from fat drops at ___.
weaning
Energy from fat increases with ___ ___.
table foods
Growth failure with ___ ___.
inadequate fat
Fat source should supply ___.
EFA-essential fatty acids
EFA’s are required for ___ and ___ ___.
growth, neurological development
EFA for humans include: Linoleic acid (\_\_ carbon _-_ PUFA) Linolenic acid (\_\_ carbon _-_ PUFA)
18, n-6
18 n-3
___% energy should be from EFA (5% in human, 1% in cow’s milk)
2.7%,
___ carbon EFAs elongated to longer chain EFA
18
Long chain EFAs essential for ___ ___.
normal development
Ability to elongate EFAs limited in __. Especially in ___ ___.
infants, premature infants
___ ___ provides long chain EFAs.
human milk
Water:
Infants have ____ requirements/kg than adults
greater
Infants vulnerable to water imbalance due to:
A large percentage of ___ ___ ___.
An ____ kidney.
extra cellular water
immature
Water requirements determined by:
Water loss from ___, ___, and ____.
Water required for ___.
Potential__ ___ load
skin, urine, feces
growth
renal solute
Estimated requirement of water is ___ml/kcal.
1.5
Breast or formula fed infants need no additional ____.
water
Water ____ can occur.
intoxication
Water requirement for infants is highest at ___ months.
3
Healthy infants do not need\_\_\_\_\_ except \_\_\_ \_\_\_ if exclusively breast fed. Some think \_\_\_\_. \_\_\_ \_\_\_? \_\_\_ if mother is anemic.
supplements Vitamin D fluoride Vitamin C? iron
Fat soluble vitamins:
Vitamin A:
____ not a problem in the U.S.
___ is a good source
Supplementation recommended for _____ or ___ infants.
deficiency
milk
premature
LBW
Fat soluble vitamins:
Vitamin D:
Requirement determined by ___ ___.
___ ___ infants need a supplement.
Required for __ ____.
sun exposure
breast fed
bone mineralization
Fat soluble vitamins:
Vitamin E
Requirement based on ____ intake (the more ___, the ___ E needed.
Infant recommendation based on _% energy from ___.
PUFA, PUFA, more
6%
PUFA
Fat soluble vitamins:
Vitamin K Required for: Coagulation of \_\_. Other \_\_\_\_\_ processes. All infants receive an intramuscular dose at \_\_\_.
blood
physiological
birth
Calcium and Phosphorous:
Recommendations based on ___ ___ content.
human milk
Absorption of calcium is:
___% from human milk
___% from formula
61%
38%
Iron:
___ sources for infants.
___ ___ and ___ ___.
two
Prenatal reserves
Food sources
Availability of the iron depends on source: Human milk \_\_-\_\_% Human milk + cereals \_\_\_% Iron fortified formula \_\_\_\_% Cow’s milk \_\_\_\_% Infant cereals \_\_-\_\_%
48-50% 20% 6% 10% 4-5%
Iron deficiency in U.S. infants has declined due to:
Increased ___ ___ and
Use of ___ ___ formula.
breast feeding
iron fortified
Iron deficiency will have ___ ___.
developmental consequences
____ and rapidly ___ infants at risk for iron deficiency.
Premature, growing
Iron:
Supplement required by ___-____ infants after __-__ months.
breast-fed
5-6
Fluoride:
Essential in preventing ___.
___ ___ is low in fluoride.
caries
breast milk
Supplement of fluoride could be recommended for:
___ ___ infants
Infants in __ ___ areas.
Breast fed
non fluoridated
Excess fluoride can have ____ ____.
adverse consequences
Fluoride:
Supplementation depends on concentration in ___ ____.
water supply
Failure to Thrive:
___ still today.
No ____ problems.
Signs of ____ and ____ can appear.
puzzling
previous
dehydration and starvation
Failure to thrive: Major cause is \_\_\_ or inappropriate \_\_\_. Regular \_\_\_\_ of infant important \_\_\_ \_\_\_ and \_\_ \_\_\_ should be evaluated. \_\_\_\_ or \_\_\_ \_\_\_ could be started.
weak. suckling evaluation let down milk supply bottle supplemental feeding
