Nutrition - Energy balance & Medical conditions

Question 1

Energy balance

Answer 1

Takes into account the amount of food consumed (calories in) and the amount expanded (calories out)

Question 2

Neutral energy balance

Answer 2

Where the calories taken in are equal to calories expended

Question 3

Positive energy balance

Answer 3

When more calories are consumed than expended, fat stores increase and weight is gained

Question 4

Negative energy balance

Answer 4

When calories consumed is less than calories expended, fat stores decrease and weight is lost

Question 5

Energy usage

Answer 5

energy used at rest comes from 2/3 fat and 1/3 glycogen
Glycogen is used during warm ups and high intensity exercise
Fat is mainly used for long duration, lower intensity exercise

Question 6

Thermal effect of food (TEF)

Answer 6

Amount of energy expended by the body through ingestion, digestion, absorption, utilisation and storage of food
How much energy it costs the body to eat and store food
Male - 6-10% daily needs
Female - 6-7% daily needs

Question 7

Thermal effect of activity (TEA)

Answer 7

Amount of energy required for planned and unplanned levels of physical activity
The most variable component of energy expenditure
Can be affected by choosing high intensity activities/exercises
Accounts for approx 20-40% total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

Question 8

Diet

Answer 8

Current eating pattern

Question 9

Healthy eating

Answer 9

Eating a variety of foods that give the nutrients needed to maintain health, feel good and have energy

Question 10

Nutrition

Answer 10

Process of providing or obtaining the food for necessary for health and growth

Question 11

Balanced diet

Answer 11

A diet consisting of different types of food and providing adequate amounts of nutrients necessary for good health

Question 12

Harris Benedict equation - Male

Answer 12

BMR = 66 (13.7 x weight in KG) + (5 x height in CM) - (6.8 x Age)

Question 13

Harris Benedict equation - Female

Answer 13

BMR = 655 (9.6 x weight in KG) + (1.8 x height in CM) - (4.7 x Age)

Question 14

Direct use, Primary storage, Secondary storage & energy value - Carbohydrate

Answer 14

Energy
Glycogen in muscle and liver
Adipose tissue
4 kcals/gram

Question 15

Direct use, Primary storage, Secondary storage & energy vaule - Fat

Answer 15

Energy
Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
9 kcals/gram

Question 16

Direct use, Primary storage, Secondary storage & energy Value - Protein

Answer 16

Growth & repair
No storage
Adipose tissue
4 kcal/gram

Question 17

Hypertension

Answer 17

• Diet has a real effect on health of the heart and blood levels
  -Healthier the diet, lower the blood pressure will be
• Healthy diet can reduce the need for medication or reduce the amount taken

Question 18

Hypertension ways to improve diet

Answer 18

• Less salt
• At least 5 fruit & veg portions a day
• Keep to recommended alcohol limits
• Eat less saturated fats to keep cholesterol down
• Maintain a health weight
• Don’t smoke

Question 19

What government did to try tackle obesity

Answer 19

• Improved food and drink labelling
• Gave advice on a healthy diet and physical activity
• Encouraging cafes/restaurants to put calorie info on menus
• Giving guidance on physical activity levels

Question 20

Cardiac pulmonary disease (CPD)

Answer 20

Risk factors include - obesity, high intake of saturated fats, hypertension, smoking, low levels of Physical activity & diabetes
A diet that is energy-dense, high in saturated fatty acids and salt and low in dietry fibre, whole grains and fruit/veg is generally associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and other chronic diseases

Question 21

Stroke

Answer 21

Serious condition which occurs when the brain is starved of blood
Anyone could be at risk
Prevention through nutrition and diet management by avoiding food high in saturated fats, sugars, salts and highly processed

Question 22

Type 1 diabetes

Answer 22

• Not related to lifestyle choices
• Develops when the insulin producing cells in the body have been destroyed and body is unable to produce insulin
• Food choices pay a key part in managing the condition eating a balanced diet can really help
• Carb counting - matching the insulin dose to the amount of carbs the eat/drink, this is an important part of managing blood sugar levels

Question 23

Type 2 diabetes

Answer 23

• Can be caused by lifestyle choices
• Develops when the body can’t produce enough insulin or when the insulin produced doesn’t work properly
• If untreated can cause serious problems
• Keeping active, managing weight & eating a healthy, balanced diet will help control blood glucose levels and reduce risk of future complications

Question 24

Osteoporosis

Answer 24

A degenerative disease of the bone structure where it becomes more porous, brittle and weaker
Symptoms - Chronic bone pain, Increased chance of fractures, increased trips & falls, Postural issues
Menopausal women, lacking oestrogen more at risk
As we age our skeletal structures don’t repair themselves to the same standard

Question 25

Colon cancer

Answer 25

Cancer of the large intestine and effects 1/5 of the UK population, also known as bowel or rectal cancer
Symptoms - Change in bowel habits (more/less frequent), Abdominal pain, piles (haemorrhoids), fresh blood on passing stool, dark blood mixed with stool (from further up the colon)
Most effects people over 60 and more common if overweight or obese
Avoiding alcohol & smoking and reducing/stopping consumption of cured/processed meats
Increase fruit & veg, fibre and fish/lean white meat intake

Question 26

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

Answer 26

• Sum total of all reactions that occur in the body when at complete rest and no digestion is occurring
• Usually expressed as the number of calories required to sustain basic functioning
• Base level of energy required to keep bodily functions ‘ticking over’
• Largest chunk of daily energy needs
• Brain alone needs 600 calories on average a day