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Health, Exercise & Fitness Year 1 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Located in the heart
Under involuntary control
Muscle is striated - consists of light & dark bands

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2
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Found throughout the body
Under involuntary control
Muscle is non-striated - not banded

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Found attached to the skeletal system by tendons
Under voluntary control - conscious thought required
Muscle is striated but not banded
Number of functions but recognised as the facilitator of movement at joints

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4
Q

Characteristics - Excitability

A

Muscles ability to perceive and respond to electrical stimuli

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5
Q

Characteristics - Contractability

A

Ability for muscle to shorten as a result of stimulus, usually becoming shorter and thicker

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6
Q

Characteristics - Extensibility

A

Muscle is able to stretch beyond its normal length

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7
Q

Characteristics - Elasticity

A

Muscle is able to return to its normal length after stretching

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8
Q

Function - Movement

A

-Of the skeletal system at the cartilaginous and synovial joints is achieved by voluntary contraction of skeletal muscles
-Causes shortening of the muscle tissue, pulling on the tendons attached to the bones

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9
Q

Function - Posture

A

-Maintains body posture against gravity by continually adjusting due to information transmitted by nerve endings on joint capsule and muscle tension
-Tendons of many muscles extend over joints and in this way contribute to joint stability

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10
Q

Function - Thermoregulation

A

-Maintenance or improvement of body heat is assisted by skeletal muscles
-Involuntary muscle contractions (shivering) generate heat
-Metabolism is such a large mass - produces heat essential for maintenance of body temp

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11
Q

Function - Venous Return

A

-Contracting muscles act as a muscular pump by compressing peripheral veins during normal activity to help blood flow

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12
Q

Function - Energy storage

A

-Muscles are able to store glucose as glycogen within their cells

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13
Q

Function - Assisting breathing

A

Diaphragm muscle regulates breathing by changing intra-thoracic volume and pressure

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14
Q

Connective tissue

A

Binds stuff together

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15
Q

Muscle tissue

A

Enables it to contract

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16
Q

Nerve tissue

A

Carry a stimulus

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17
Q

Blood/vascular tissue

A

Carry oxygen & nutrients and remove waste products (lactic Acid)

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18
Q

Connective tissue - Deep facia

A

Binds the components together; fills in spaces between muscles while allowing free movement

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19
Q

Epimysium

A

Sheath that surrounds the whole muscle

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20
Q

Perimysium

A

Surrounds bundles of muscle fibres (fascicles)

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21
Q

Endomysium

A

Surrounds individual muscle fibres

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22
Q

Tendon Sheath

A

Synovial covering of the tendon

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23
Q

Tendon or aponeurosis

A

Formed by the epimysium, perimysium & endomysium extending beyond the fleshy part of the muscle, the belly, forming a thick rope-like tendon or a broad, flat sheath like aponeurosis

24
Q

Myofibrils

A

Very find contractile fibres, arranged in bundles along the length of the muscle

25
Q

Sarcomere

A

Contractile unit of striated (skeletal) muscle

26
Q

Myofilaments

A

Microscopic threads of protein myofibrils

27
Q

T-tubles

A

A deep channel running along the length of the sarcolemma through a striated muscle

28
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Regulates calcium levels in muscle cells

29
Q

Actin

A

This protein filament that slides across myosin

30
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

Cytoplasm of a muscle cell

31
Q

Tropomyosin & troponin

A

Regulatory proteins found on the actin filament and extend from the anchor points on the z-lines

32
Q

Muscle fibre

A

Single cylindrical muscle cell made up of hundreds, or even thousands of muscle fibres bundled together and wrapped in a connective tissue covering

33
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

-Muscle shortens and develops tension
-The angle of the joint decreases as the origin and insertion points move closer together
-EG. bicep muscle as the arm bends

34
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

-Muscle lengthens as it develops tension
-Angle at the joint increases as the origin & insertion points move further away
-EG. Bicep muscle when the weight is lowered back down

35
Q

Isometric contraction

A

-Muscle remains the same length
-Angle at the joint remains unchanged as the origin and insertion points remain the same distance apart
-EG. Holding a heavy object in front of you

36
Q

Muscle Info - Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin - Sternum & clavicle
Insertion - Mastoid process
Action - Lateral flexion or rotation of the neck

37
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 1

A

Electrical stimulus to a muscle is transmitted to the inside of the fibre causing
Calcium ions to be released.

38
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 2

A

The Calcium ions bind with the Troponin molecules on the Actin filament.

39
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 3

A

This causes Troponin to change shape and pull on the Tropomyosin opening
a gap on the Actin filament.

40
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 4

A

The heads of the Myosin molecules can now fit into these exposed sites on
the Actin filament.

41
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 5

A

This coupling of the Actin and Myosin causes ATP to split supplying energy to
rotate the Myosin head and pull the attached Actin fibre along with it.

42
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 6

A

A fresh supply of ATP reaches the Myosin head allowing the Myosin to detach
itself and continue to form further cross bridges.

43
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 7

A

The process of contraction will continue as long as a high concentration of
Calcium ions is available

44
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 8

A

If the electrical impulses to the muscle fibre cease, the concentration of
Calcium ions drops and Tropomyosin re-covers the site on the Actin filament

45
Q

Sliding Filament Theory - Stage 9

A

The Myosin cannot continue to form cross bridges and the process of muscle
contraction stops.

46
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibres - type 1

A

-Aerobic
-Large amounts of myoglobin (oxygen), many mitochondria & capillaries
-Slower firing muscle fibres, work continuously & take longer to fatigue
-Long distance/duration activity

47
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibres - Type 2a

A

-Aerobic & anaerobic
-Large amounts of myoglobin (oxygen), many mitochondria & capillaries
-Combination of type 1 & 2, slower to fatigue but not as slow as slow twitch fibres
-Middle distance/duration activity

48
Q

Fast twitch muscle fibres - Type 2b

A

-Anaerobic
-Low amounts of myoglobin (oxygen), few mitochondria & capillaries
-Produce rapid, powerful bursts of speed the highest rate of muscular contraction & fastest to fatigue
-Short distance/duration activity

49
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

Strength causes an increase in volume of myofibrils increasing muscle bulk

50
Q

muscle hypertrophy

A

Strength causes an increase in volume of myofibrils increasing muscle bulk

51
Q

muscular endurance

A

increased training volume causes recruitment of morre slow twitch muscle fibres allowing for sustained effort during exercise

52
Q

improved capillarisation

A

greater flow of blood to muscles due to increased aerobic activity levels

53
Q

increased tendon strength

A

force exerted during exercise cases thickening of connective tissue & prevents injury

54
Q

improver energy storage

A

increased activity will increase the storage & replenishment of glycogen & number of mitochondria

55
Q

Reduced lactic acid production

A

Tolerance levels to waste product increases, increased anaerobic threshold

Health, Exercise & Fitness Year 1 (8 decks)

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