Nutrition, Diet, Body Weight And Energy Resources Flashcards
What are the exergonic and endogonic reaction
Exergonic would release energy
Endogonic would take in energy
What is the Gibbs’s free energy for an endogonic and an exergonic reaction
Exergonic would be less then 0 and so would be spontaneous
Endogonic would be more then 0 so would not be spontaneous
What is creatine phosphate and what is the equation to produce it
A store of phosphate in the muscles
Creatine + ATP —— CREATINE KINASE—— creatine phosphate + ADP
How would creatine be a biological marker
Different levels within the different muscle
Skeletal: CK-MM is 70% and CK-MB is about 25-30%
Cardiac: CK-MM is 98%
Creatine kinase enzyme would be released when have infarction so can measure these levels
How would creatine kinase be used as a biological marker for myocardial infarction
When there is damage, a heart attack for example, would have the enzyme released into the blood stream
The levels of creatine kinase in the blood can then be measured
What type of reaction is catabolism
Exergonic as would release energy
What type of reaction is anabolism
Endogonic as would require energy
What are the main products of catabolic reactions
Biosynthetics (NAD+, FAD+)
Building blocks for growth and repair (amino acids, sugars etc.)
Organic precursors (acetyl CO A)
Energy molecule (ATP)
What vitamin would be needed to make the coenzymes
Vitamin C
What is biosynthetic work
Anabolism
What is transport work
Transport of nutrients
The maintenance of the ion gradient
What are the forms of specialised function work
Electrical (impulses)
Mechanical (the muscle movements)
Osmotic work (the kidney function)
What happens to the energy that would be released from the catabolic reactions
Would go on to be used for the anabolic reactions
How much energy would be released when a phosphate is removed from ATP
-31kj/mol
What would be the high energy signals
Anabolism
Processes that would occur when there would be a high level of ATP
Would also have the reduced coenzymes (NADPH, NADH)
What are the low energy signals
Catabolism
Processes that would occur when there is a low amount of ATP
Allows more ATP to be produced
How does high and low energy signals connect to diabetes
Insulin levels would stimulate anabolism
Low amount of insulin stimulates catabolism
Then energy would be released
What would adenylate kinase do
Allows 2 ADPs to go to ATP and AMP
Would be myokinase in muscles
What is creatinine and how would it be used as a biological marker
Metabolite of creatine and creatine phosphate
Shows the dilution of the urine
Can compare its levels to other hormones in the urine
Released when have muscle wastage
What is the coenzyme responsible for anabolism
NADPH/NADP+
How do u calculate the BMI
BMI : Weight (kg) / heigh (m) squared
What are the water soluble vitamins
C and B
What are the fat soluble vitamins
A K D E
What tissues are interconverters
Kidney and liver
What tissues would be used for storage
Adipose
Liver
Skeletal muscle
What is the BMR
Basal metabolic rate
Metabolism that would occur at rest
What effects the BMR
Environmental temperature
Endocrine function (thyroid, reproductive hormones)
Age
Body size (surface area)
Gender
What do the tissues do with there nutrients
Storage
Inter-conversions
Utilisation (oxidation, producing energy)
What is metabolism
Process which derives energy from raw materials and would use them for growth, repair and activity
What happens to the waste products from metabolism
Moves back to the blood from the tissues and would then be removed by the liver or the kidneys
What muscles would demand energy from voluntary physical activity
Heart
Skeletal
Respiratory
What are the consequences of obesity
Type 2 diabetes
Hypertension
Cardiovascular disease
Gall bladder disease
What happens when you are malnourished
Low energy intake
Vitamin Deficiency
Low carb and protein intake
So a,L would lead to loss of weight and weakness
