Energy Production (carbohydrates And Lipids) Flashcards
Why is glycolysis separated into the different stages
More efficient
More versatile
Easier to control
What 2 enzymes would be used in the liver to regulate glycolysis
3-phosphofructokinase (would be high when high insulin:glycogen)
Pyruvate kinase (same reason)
What regulator of glycolysis would be a covalent modifier and what does it do
Pryruvate kinase
Dephosphorylate
What levels would hyperlactemia occur
2-5nm
What levels would lactic acidosis occur
Over 5nm
What would be used to produce lactate
Glucose (and alanine) via pyruvate
What is the equation that would involve LDH
lactate + NAD+ —————- Pryuvate + NADH + H+
What are the two important intermediates of glycolysis
Glycerol phosphate: would be produced in the adipose tissue of the liver
2,3 BPG would be used in the red blood cells and would allow the regulation of oxygen
How would fructose be broken down
FRUCTOSE — FRUCTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE — GLYCERATE-3-PHOSPHATE (G-3-P)
What causes fructosuria and what causes fructose intolerance
Fructosuria: when would not have enough fructokinase (would break down fructose to F-1-P)
Fructose intolerance: when would not have enough aldolase (f1p to 2-gyceraldehyde-3-p)
What is galactosemia
When the body is unable to metabolise galactose.
Leads to an excess galactose in the blood, toxic
Can cause sepsis, cataracts (when produced galaticol) and anemia
What would be the difference in the rare and the common forms of galactosemia
Rare: a kinase deficiency (no galactose to galactose-1-p so build of galactose
Common: a transferase deficiency (build of galactose and galactose-1-p) and no glucose produced for glycolysis
Where would the accumulated galactose go
Galactose —— galacitiol
Via NADPH TO NADP+
enzyme: Aldose reductase
What so the issue with fructose intolerance and how would you solve it
Fructose would accumulate in the liver and this could cause liver damage
Would need to remove fructose form your diet
How does galactosemia lead to cataracts
The lens would need NADPH
Galactose going through the alternative pathways would convert NADPH to NADP+
Then none would be available for the lens’
What is the difference between the GALK in carbohydrates and the GALT in the lymph tissue
GALT - GUT ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUE
GALT- GALACTOSE-1-PHOSPHATE URIDYLTRANSFERASE
What does glycerol phosphate produce
DHAP (dihydroxyacetone phosphate)
In the liver and the adipose tissue (where most likely would then go on to be stored)
DHAP can also produce glycerol phosphate too (reversible)
How could the levels of ADP help to regulate oxidative phosphorylation
When levels of ADP are low, no substrate
No activity working atp synthase
No hydrogen can move through
How would molecules like cyanide, hydrogen sulphide and carbon monoxide act as inhibitor
Bind to cytochrome oxidase
Oxygen would not be able to accept an electron and produce water
No ETC
What is an uncoupling molecule
Increases the inner membrane permeability to hydrogen
Hydrogen moves back into the matrix and not through the ATP synthase
No ATP produced
What is a natural uncoupling molecule
Brown adipose tissue (fatty acids)
Lipase release fatty acids
Fatty acids would stimulate the UCP1
Moves hydrogen back into the matrix
Not through the atp synthase
What is pyruvate dehydrogenase
Enzyme that would convert pryruvate to acetyl Co a
What activates and inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
Activates: ADP NAD+ insulin pyruvate
Inhibits: ATP NADH acetyl Co a
What molecules does oxaloacetate make
Glucose
Amino acids
What molecules can alpha ketoglycerate make
Amino acids
What molecules does succinate produce
Haem
Amino acids
What molecule does Malate make
Amino acids
How many ATP molecules are produced overall
32
What is a PTC
protein translocating complex
Basically electron carriers
What electron carrier produced NAD+
Coenzyme q
What electron carrier would produce FAD2+
Cytochrome p
What carrier would produce water
Cytochrome oxidase
What is isocitrate dehydrogenase
Converts isocitrate to alpha ketoglycerate
Release CO2 and NADH
What is the difference between NADH and FAD2H
Electrons in NADH have more energy then that of FAD2H
Oxidation of 2 molecules of NADH produces 5 ATP molecules
Oxidation of 2 molecules of FAD2H produces 3 ATP molecules
What are ketone bodies
Water soluble molecules
Would be produced from the liver
Made when there is low glucose levels or when there is a low insulin to glucagon ratio (e.g in starvation)
What organs would metabolise lactate
Heart and the lungs
What factors can lead to the production of lactate
Strenuous excersise
Shock
Congestive heart disease
What is lactate broken down into
Glucose (in liver) and CO2 (in muscle)
What are he three main ketone bodies
Acetone
Acetoacetone
Beta hydroxybutyrate
What is ketonuria
Ketone levels would be above the renal threshold
Need to be excreted by the body
Where would the ketone bodies be produced
In the liver
What is the level of ketone bodies when the body is starved
2-10 mM
What are the levels of ketone bodies for untreated diabetes
Above 10mM
What enzyme would produce acetone from acetoacetone
Lyase
What is ketoacidosis
Levels of insulin on the body would be so low
Fatty acids would be broken down by the ketone bodies
Build of ketones in the blood
What form would lipids be stored in
Triacylglycerides in the adipose tissues
What moves the lipids to the adipose tissues
Chylomicrons (lipoproteins)
What moves the fatty acids to the functional tissues
Albumin (plasma protein)
How are fatty acids activated
Conversion to fatty acyl CO A
Via fatty acyl CO A synthase
Adding Coa and ATP
How would fatty acids be transported into the mitochondrias matrix
Carnitine shuttles
What as the equations for the carnitine shuttles
CAT (carnitine acyltransferase)
Acyl CO A + carnitine ——-(cat 1)———- acyl carnitine + CO A
acyl carnitine + CO A ——— (cat 2) ——— acyl CO A + carnitine
What is beta oxidation
Metabolism of the fatty acids in the mitochondria
Requires oxygen
Release of 2 carbons each unit (an acetate)
No direct production of ATP
Produced NADH, FAD2H
What is glycerol metabolised to in the liver
First glycerol phosphate (via glycerol kinase needing ATP)
Can produce triglycerides (used or stored)
Produce DHAP (NAD+ TO NADH) can be used for glycolysis
What enzyme metabolises glycerol
Glycerol kinase
What would stop beta oxidation
Absence of oxygen
What molecule would inhibit the transfer of fatty acids to the mitochondrial matrix
Malonyl CO A
What carbon number can double bonds not be formed after
C9
What does amiphipatic mean
Contains the hydrophilic and hydrophobic areas
What vitamins are lipid based
A K D E
What lipids are hydroxy-methyl-glutaric acid derived
Cholesterols
Ketone bodies
What lipids are fatty acid derivatives
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
What is produced during starvation and in the fed state
Starved: ketone bodies, levels of insulin would be low, low glucose, high break down of fatty acids
Fed: high levels of insulin as would have lots of glucose. Cholesterol produced (reductase)
