Nutrition Assessment Flashcards
ABCDs of nutritional assessment
. Anthropometric measures
. Biochemical lab tests
. Clinical signs and symptoms
. Diet history
Measures of body composition
. Triceps skin fold thickness . Mid-upper arm circumference . Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) . Air displacement plethysmography . Whole-body densitometry (underwater weighing) . Dal x-ray absorptiometry . Isotope dilution technique . Total body K . Neutron activation analysis . MRI . CT . Ultrasound
Serum albumin as nutrition assessment
. Used as general marker of nutritional status . Normal: 3.5-5.0 . Mildly malnourished: 2.8-3.4 . Moderately malnourished: 2.1-2.7 . Severely malnourished: order 2.1
Prothrombin time
. Test of blood clotting used to monitor extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation
. Vit.-K dependent factors are in this pathway
. Inc. time means impaired coagulation and can be an indication of vit. K deficiency
Total lymphocyte count
. WBC x % lymphocytes
. Dec. when assoc. w/ low albumin is assoc. w/ poor prognosis in hospitalized patients
. Large day-to-day variation i this limit use for monitoring changes i nutritional status over time
Creatinine-height index
. Breakdown product of creatine released from muscle at constant rate
. Amount in urine is proportional to muscle mass
. Dec. in index indicates muscle wasting
Subjective global assessment
. Integrates information elicited from the patient’s history and physical examination to facilitate an immediate assessment of nutritional status
. History: recent weight loss, dietary intake relative to normal, presence of GI symptoms, functional capacity of patient
. Physical exam: muscle wasting, loss of subQ fat, edema, and ascites
. Lab test: albumin, total lymphocyte count
General recommendations to promote optimal health
. Maintain body weight through diet and exercise
. Dec. consumption of fat and cholesterol
. Inc. consumption of whole-grain cereals, fruits, and vegetables
. Dec. consumption of Na
. Consume alcohol in moderation
Prevention of hypertension focuses on modification of these lifestyle factors
. Obesity
. Diet
. Alcohol consumption
. Physical inactivity
What percentage of carcinogens present in the diet are naturally occurring components of various food items or are produced during food preparation?
99%
Phytochemicals
. Complex non-nutrient compounds found in plant foods
. Can be carcinogenic
Mycotoxins
Produced by fungi associated w/ food are commonly carcinogenic
. Found in moldy cereals, nuts, and seeds
. Ingestion can result in liver cancer following formation of aflatoxin-DNA adducts
Carcinogens produced during food preparation
. Carcinogens produced during food preparation
. Heterocyclic amines
. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
. N-nitroso compounds
Things in fruits and vegetables w// potential anti-cancer activities include ___
. Fiber
. Folic acid
. Antioxidant
. Non-nutrient phytochemical
Potential adverse side effects that limit adherence w/ Ca supplements
. GI discomfort and constipation
. Poor absorption in the absence of stomach acid