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Biochemistry > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolic pathways

A

Breakdown pathways
Free energy released during conversion of larger fuel molecules to smaller molecules that are converted to Acetyl CoA and enter Kreb’s
. ATP is ultimate product

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2
Q

Anabolic pathway

A

. Free energy consumed when smaller molecules make larger molecules
. CONSUME ATP

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3
Q

Where does regulation most often occur in pathways?

A

Irreversible steps

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4
Q

Where does regulation by covalent modification occur?

A

. Key steps in pathway
. “committed” step
. Regulated in response to endocrine hormones

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5
Q

How are pathways regulated by availability of substrate

A

. Limitations by metabolism

. Limitations by transport

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6
Q

Epinephrine

A

. Released from adrenal glands
. Acts on many tissues
. Induced cAMP cascade activity PKA phosphorylating enzymes in metabolism

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7
Q

Glucogon

A

. Released from alpha cells of pancreas in response to LOW blood glucose
. Binds to liver receptors mostly and some adipose
. Induces cAMP cascade

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8
Q

Insulin

A

. Released from beta cells of pancreas in response to HIGH blood glucose
. Acts on all cells
. Opposes epinephrine and glucagon

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9
Q

Glycolysis

A

. glucose (6C) Converts to 2 molecules of pyruvate (3C) w/ generation of ATP
. Operates aerobically or anaerobically

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10
Q

Catabolic and anabolic purposes of pathway

A

C: atp production
A: provides basic building blocks for cellular biosynthesis

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11
Q

Glycolysis net rxn

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP+ 2NAD -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH + 2H + 2H2O

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12
Q

Glycolysis w/ oxygen

A

Pyruvate converts to acetylene CoA then to Kreb’s

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13
Q

Glycolysis if not enough oxygen

A

. Pyruvate converts to lactic acid via lactate dehydrogenase
. Regenerates NAD from NADH to pathway can continue

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14
Q

Fate of NADH in aerobic conditions

A

. NADH converted to NAD to cross membrane into mitochondria

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15
Q

NADH shuttle system

A

. Enable reducing equivalents from NADH to be transported into mitochondria to be used in ETC

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16
Q

Difference btw glycerol 3 phosphate shuttle and malate aspartame shuttle

A

. Glycerol 3 phosphate uses FAD instead of NAD and yields less energy overall

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17
Q

Total ATP from aerobic oxidation of 1 glucose

A

30-32 ATP

18
Q

Total ATP from anaerobic oxidation from 1 glucose molecule

A

2 ATP

19
Q

What happens to lactic acid that accumulates in muscle tissue after anaerobic metabolism?

A

. Travels to liver in blood
. Converted back to pyruvate for gluconeogenesis (making glucose from other molecules in body)
. Resulting glucose sent back to muscle to be used

20
Q

Accumulation of lactic acid can result in ____

A

Serum acidosis

21
Q

Irreversible steps in glycolysis

A

. Hexokinase/glucokinase
. Phosphofructokinase
. Pyruvate kinase

22
Q

What does adding phosphate to glucose do?

A

Traps glucose in the cell

23
Q

Hexokinase location, Vmax, and Km for glucose

A

. Whole human body cytosol, NOT induced by inc. glucose
. Vmax low
. Km: 0.1 mM

24
Q

Glucokinase location, Vmax and Km for glucose

A

. Liver, pancreas beta cell cytosol, IS INDUCED by inc. glucose
. Vmax high
. Km: 10 mM

25
Q

When is hexokinase and glucokinase used?

A

. Hexokinase full time

. Glucokinase part time after meals when glucose levels are high

26
Q

Committed step in glycolysis

A

Fructose-6P -> fructose 1,6=bispohosphate via PFK-1

27
Q

Positive and negative effectors of PFK-1

A

. Pos: AMP

. Neg: ATP, citrate, low pH

28
Q

Allosteric regulation of liver pyruvate kinase

A

. Activated by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

. Feed forward regulation

29
Q

When F-2,6-BP is present, glycolysis is turned ____

A

On, when absent it is off

30
Q

Components of protein that emulates F-2,6-BP

A

. Phosphofructokinase-2 (PFK-2) is dephosphrylated
. Fructose bisphosphatase 2 domain (FBPase-2) is phosphorylated
. When one side is active the their side is degraded through phosphorylation/dephosphorylation

31
Q

What happens to glycolysis when insulin binds to receptor on liver cell?

A

. RTK results in glycolysis pathway proteins being depohsphorylated
. PFK-2 turns on and F-2,6-BP is made and activated PFK-1 to turn on glycolysis
. Pyruvate kinase is dephosphorylated and turned on to continue glycolytic pathway

32
Q

Anabolism is promoted by what hormone?

A

Insulin

33
Q

What happens to glycolysis when epinephrine binds to receptor to liver cell?

A

. PKA phosphorylated pyruvate kinase turning it off and phosphorylated FBP-ase-2 turning it on
. F-2,6-BP is degraded and glycolysis shuts down
. Pyruvate kinase also turned off

34
Q

Liver cell glycolysis is ___ by epinephrine but muscle glycolysis ____ w/ epinephrine

A

. Dec

. Inc.

35
Q

T/F Liver is NOT homogenous and some cells will be running glycolysis while other aren’t

A

T

36
Q

Periportal hepatocytes

A

. Closest to blood supply
. Receive highest [O2] and other nutrients
. Oxidative metabolism favored

37
Q

. Perivenous hepatocytes

A

. Cells farther away from blood supply
. Receive much less O2 and other nutrients
. Depend more on anaerobic glycolysis for ATP synthesis

38
Q

Liver role

A

. Primary biochemical role to supply rest of body w/ blood-born source of fuel
. Releases glucose from gluconeogenesis or other molecules (fat, ketones)

39
Q

Regulation of glycolysis in liver guided by____

A

. Substrate availability

. Receptors for insulin, epinephrine, and glucogon

40
Q

Muscle role

A

. Role of muscle is to move

. Primarily consumer

41
Q

Regulation of muscle guided by ____

A

. Substrate availability
. Allosteric regulation
. If muscle is moving or at rest
. Receptors for insulin and epinephrine (NO GLUCAGON)

Biochemistry (64 decks)

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