Diabetes

Question 1

Effects of insulin on liver

Answer 1

. Anabolic: stimulates glycolysis, FA synthesis, protein biosynthesis, glycogen biosynthesis
. Catabolic: inhibits glucose generation, protein, glycogen, and fat breakdown,

Question 2

Insulin effects on adipose tissue

Answer 2

.anabolic: stimulates entry of glucose into cells, TAG iosynthesis
. Catabolic: inhibits lipolysis

Question 3

Insulin effects on muscle tissue

Answer 3

. Anabolic: stimulates uptake of glucose and AA, protein biosynthesis, glycogen storage
. Catabolic: inhibits proteolysis and glycogen breakdown

Question 4

Role of glycolysis in adipose tissue

Answer 4

. Anabolic role
. Provides glycerol phosphate as backbone for synthesis for TAGs
(Glucose -> dihydroxyacetone phosphate -> glycerol phosphate

Question 5

Fatty acids attached to 3-C backbones usually come from ____

Answer 5

Lipoproteins in the blood

Question 6

Effect of insulin on lipoprotein lipase

Answer 6

Induces synthesis of it in adipose tissue

. Lipoprotein lipase acts of TAGs from chylomicrons and VLDL to release FA

Question 7

Fat metabolism when there is no insulin

Answer 7

. Perilipin and HSL phosphorylated and activated by PKA enabling fat catabolism
. Catabolize TAG into glycerol and FFAs
. Glycerol goes to liver and used in gluconeogenesis
. FAs released into blood bound to albumin OR oxidized by adipocytes for energy
. Lipoprotein lipase activity low

Question 8

Difference between starvation and type I DM

Answer 8

. Level of insulin

. Starving people still have some insulin, DMI does not

Question 9

What causes polydipsia in DM 1?

Answer 9

Dehydration causes excessive thirst

Question 10

Hyperosmolar syndrome

Answer 10

. Severe dehydration, plasma hyperosmolality, high blood glucose, mental confusion
. No ketosis bc some insulin is available
.found in undiagnosed cases of elderly type 2 DM

Question 11

Gestational diabetes risk factors

Answer 11

. Overweight
. Previous history of hyperglycemia
. History of stillbirth for unknown reasons
. Higher in Latinx, Native American, Asian, African American populations

Question 12

Gestational diabetes mechanism

Answer 12

. Occurs during weeks 24-28 weeks
. Inc. cortisol raises blood glucose, most people can make more insulin to compensate but some don’t
. Baby will become hypoglycemic after birth bc it made more insulin to deal with high glucose in womb
. Baby is much larger than normal

Question 13

DM 2 treatments

Answer 13

. Drugs that stimulate insulin sensitivity (target peripheral tissue)
. Drugs that stimulate insulin secretion (pancreas target)
. Drugs to dec. glucose production (liver target)
. Drugs to dec. carb digestion (GI target)
. Diet/exercise
. Insulin injections

Question 14

Incretin mimetics

Answer 14

. Multiple targets for DM 2 treatment
. Injected drug that mimics glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
. Stimulates insulin secretion in response to inc. blood glucose
. Inhibits glucagon release following meals, gastric emptying, and dec. food intake
. Costly and has to be injected